Common Name: GRASS FAMILY
Habit: Annual to woody perennial herb; roots generally fibrous. Stem: generally round, hollow; nodes swollen, solid. Leaf: alternate, 2-ranked, generally linear, parallel-veined; sheath generally open; ligule membranous or hairy, at blade base. Inflorescence: various (of generally many spikelets). Spikelet: glumes generally 2; florets (lemma, palea, flower) 1--many; lemma generally membranous, sometimes glume-like; palea generally +- transparent, +- enclosed by lemma. Flower: generally bisexual, minute; perianth vestigial; stamens generally 3; stigmas generally 2, generally plumose. Fruit: grain, sometimes achene- or utricle-like.
Genera In Family: 650--900 genera; +- 10550 species: worldwide; greatest economic importance of any family (wheat, rice, maize, millet, sorghum, sugar cane, forage crops, ornamental, weeds; thatching, weaving, building materials). Note: Generally wind-pollinated. Achnatherum, Ampelodesmos, Hesperostipa, Nassella, Piptatherum, Piptochaetium, Ptilagrostis moved to Stipa; Elytrigia, Leymus, Pascopyrum, Pseudoroegneria, Taeniatherum to Elymus; Hierochloe to Anthoxanthum; Lolium, Vulpia to Festuca; Lycurus to Muhlenbergia; Monanthochloe to Distichlis; Pleuraphis to Hilaria; Rhynchelytrum to Melinis. The following taxa (in genera not included here), recorded in California from historical collections or reported in literature, are extirpated, lacking vouchers, or not considered naturalized: Acrachne racemosa (Roth) Ohwi, Allolepis texana (Vasey) Soderstr. & H.F. Decker, Amphibromus nervosus (Hook. f.) Baill., Axonopus affinis Chase, Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm., Coix lacryma-jobi L., Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) K. Richt., Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz., Eremochloa ciliaris (L.) Merr., Eustachys distichophylla (Lag.) Nees, Gaudinia fragilis (L.) P. Beauv., Miscanthus sinensis Andersson, Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard, Phyllostachys aurea Rivière & C. Rivière, Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zuccarini, Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton, Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Branner & Coville, Schizachyrium cirratum (Hack.) Wooton & Standl., Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze, Thysanolaena latifolia (Hornem.) Honda, Tribolium obliterum (Hemsl.) Renvoize, Zea mays L., Zizania palustris L. var. interior (Fassett) Dore, Zoysia japonica Steud. Paspalum pubiflorum E. Fourn., Paspalum quadrifarium Lam., are now reported for southern California (J Bot Res Inst Texas 4:761--770). See Glossary p. 30 for illustrations of general family characteristics.
eFlora Treatment Author: James P. Smith, Jr., except as noted
Scientific Editor: James P. Smith, Jr., J. Travis Columbus, Dieter H. Wilken.

Common Name: GOAT GRASS
Habit: Annual. Stem: generally erect to abruptly bent at base, generally glabrous. Leaf: sheath margins translucent, auricles ciliate; ligule membranous or 0; blade 1.5--15 cm, 1.5--5 mm wide, flat, spreading. Inflorescence: 1.5--11(15) cm, spike-like, cylindric or wider at base, +- open to dense; spikelets 2-ranked, 1 per node, basal generally vestigial, distal spikelets also generally reduced; breaking away as a single unit or in sections with axis segments attached. Fertile Spikelet: generally not compressed, 5--15 mm; glumes thick, hard, 3 +- veined, tips generally toothed or 1--5-awned; florets 2--5[8]; lemma similar to glumes or firmer, toothed or 1--3-awned at tip; palea papery, 2-keeled. Distal Spikelet: 2--5 mm, similar or not to fertile spikelet, generally sterile.
Etymology: (Greek, preferred by goats, or Latin, a sweet-fruited oak) Note: Interfertile with Triticum and perhaps not distinct from it. Aegilops tauschii Coss. is reported from a single occurrence in Riverside Co., doubtfully naturalized.
eFlora Treatment Author: James P. Smith, Jr.
Reference: Saufferer 2007 FNANM 24:261--267
Unabridged Reference: Kimber & Feldman 1987 Spec Rep 353 Coll Agric Univ Missouri-Columbia; van Slageren 1994 Wageningen Agric Univ Pap 94(7):513 pp.