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Vascular Plants of California
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Viola pedunculata
JOHNNY-JUMP-UP


Higher Taxonomy
Family: ViolaceaeView Description 
Common Name: VIOLET FAMILY
Habit: Annual, perennial herb, [small shrub, tree, vine], from caudices, taproots, rhizomes, or stolons; hairs 0 or simple. Stem: 0 or prostrate to erect. Leaf: basal, cauline, or both, alternate, [opposite], simple to compound, petioled; stipules generally small; blade linear to round, entire to toothed or lobed. Inflorescence: flowers 1 [raceme], axillary or scapose; peduncle bractlets 2, generally alternate. Flower: bisexual, bilateral [radial]; sepals 5, free, basal lobes present [0], generally not prominent; petals 5, free, lowest often largest, base +- elongated into a spur; stamens 5, alternate petals, filaments short, wide, with large in-pointing hairs, lowest 2 anthers with basal nectaries extending into petal spur; ovary superior, chamber 1, placentas parietal, 3, ovules [1] generally many, style 1, often enlarged distally, stigma often oblique or hooked, hairy or not. Fruit: capsule [berry], 3-valved, loculicidal, explosively dehiscent or not. Seed: generally with outgrowth, attractive to ants.
Genera In Family: 23 genera, 830 species: worldwide, generally temperate, tropics (especially higher elevations). Note: Lengths of lowest petal including spur.
eFlora Treatment Author: R. John Little
Scientific Editor: Thomas J. Rosatti.
Genus: ViolaView DescriptionDichotomous Key


Common Name: VIOLET
Leaf: generally deciduous. Flower: sepals +- equal, entire; petals unequal, lowest generally largest, with spur generally < 3 [20] mm, lateral 2 equal, generally spreading, upper 2 equal, erect or reflexed, overlapped or not, lateral 2 generally, others sometimes with beard of variously shaped hairs basally; cleistogamous flowers generally present, petals 0. Fruit: ovoid to oblong, hairy or not. Seed: 8--75.
Etymology: (Latin: classical name) Note: Important orns including Viola odorata, Viola tricolor L. (Johnny-jump-up, wild pansy), Viola ×wittrockiana Gams (garden pansy).
Unabridged Reference: Baker, M.S. 1949a. Studies in western violets. IV. Leafl. West. Bot. 5: 141--147; Baker, M.S. 1949b. Studies in western violets. VI; Madroño 10: 110--128; Baker, M.S. 1957. Brittonia 9: 217--230; Ballard, H.E. 1992. Systematics of Viola Section Viola in North Am north of Mexico. M.S. thesis, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan; Ballard, H.E. 1994. Violets of Michigan. Michigan Botanist 33: 131--199; Davidse, G. 1976. A study of some Intermountain violets (Viola Sect. Chamaemelanium). Madroño 23: 274--283; Fabijan et al. 1987. The taxonomy of the Viola nuttallii complex. Can. J. Bot. 65: 2562--2580; Gil-ad, N.L. 1995. Systematics and evolution of Viola L. subsection Boreali-Americanae (W. Becker) Brizicky. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Gil-ad, N.L. 1997. Systematics of Viola subsection Boreali-Americanae. Boissiera 53: 1--130; Gil-ad, N.L. 1998. The micromorphologies of seed coats and petal trichomes of the taxa of Viola subsect. Boreali-Americanae (Violaceae) and their utility in discerning orthospecies from hybrids. Brittonia 50: 91--121; Hitchcock, C.L. 1961. Vasc. Pl. Pacific NorthW. Vol. 3; McKinney, L.E. 1992. A taxonomic revision of the acaulescent blue violets (Viola) of North Am. Sida Botanical Miscellany, 7: 1--59; McKinney, L.E. and N. Russell. 2002. Violaceae of the Southeastern United States. Castanea 4: 369--379; Russell, N.H. 1965. Violets (Viola) of the central and eastern United States: an introductory survey. Sida 1: 1--113
Viola pedunculata Torr. & A. Gray
NATIVE
Habit: Perennial herb 5--39 cm, glabrous to puberulent. Stem: decumbent to erect, generally many, branched, clustered on a shallow to deep caudex with fleshy roots. Leaf: simple; basal 0; cauline petiole 2.7--7.2 cm, blade 1--5.5 cm, 1--5.5 cm wide, deltate to ovate, crenate to serrate, base truncate, +- cordate, or tapered, tip acute to obtuse. Inflorescence: axillary; peduncle 2.9--20 cm. Flower: sepals lanceolate, ciliate or not; petals gold-yellow, upper 2 red-brown abaxially, lower 3 veined dark brown, lateral 2 bearded with club-shaped hairs, lowest 10--20 mm; cleistogamous flowers 0. Fruit: 5--11 mm, elliptic, glabrous. Seed: 2.7 mm, shiny, dark brown. Chromosomes: 2n=12.
Ecology: Open, grassy slopes, hillsides, chaparral, oak woodland, generally full sun; Elevation: < 1540 m. Bioregional Distribution: NCoRO, NCoRI, CW, SW; Distribution Outside California: northern Baja California. Flowering Time: Feb--Apr Note: Often confused with Viola purpurea subsp. purpurea, Viola purpurea subsp. quercetorum. Only larval food plant for federally endangered butterfly.
Synonyms: Viola pedunculata subsp. pedunculata; Viola pedunculata subsp. tenuifolia M.S. Baker & J.C. Clausen
Unabridged Note: Only larval food plant for federally endangered Callippe silverspot butterfly, Speyeria callipe callipe (adults also take nectar from other species).
Jepson eFlora Author: R. John Little
Index of California Plant Names (ICPN; linked via the Jepson Online Interchange)

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Botanical illustration including Viola pedunculata

botanical illustration including Viola pedunculata

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Citation for this treatment: R. John Little 2012, Viola pedunculata, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=48273, accessed on April 18, 2024.

Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2024, Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/, accessed on April 18, 2024.

Viola pedunculata
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©2009 Keir Morse
Viola pedunculata
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©2012 Neal Kramer
Viola pedunculata
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©2023 California Academy of Sciences
Viola pedunculata
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©2021 Aaron Schusteff
Viola pedunculata
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©2022 Barry Rice

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Geographic subdivisions for Viola pedunculata:
NCoRO, NCoRI, CW, SW
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map of distribution 1
(Note: any qualifiers in the taxon distribution description, such as 'northern', 'southern', 'adjacent' etc., are not reflected in the map above, and in some cases indication of a taxon in a subdivision is based on a single collection or author-verified occurence).





 

Data provided by the participants of the  Consortium of California Herbaria.
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All markers link to CCH specimen records. The original determination is shown in the popup window.
Blue markers indicate specimens that map to one of the expected Jepson geographic subdivisions (see left map). Purple markers indicate specimens collected from a garden, greenhouse, or other non-wild location.
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CCH collections by month

Duplicates counted once; synonyms included.
Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa, if there are more than 1 infraspecific taxon in CA.
Blue line denotes eFlora flowering time (fruiting time in some monocot genera).