| 1. Corolla red to orange, lips long, lower lip strongly reflexed |
| P. rostriflorus |
| 1' Corolla lavender, bluish, or purplish, lips short, lower lip projecting or spreading, not reflexed |
| |
| 2. Leaves sharply serrate; filaments white-hairy distally; corolla lobes finely ciliate |
| P. venustus |
| 2' Leaves entire (weakly serrate in P. parvulus, P. purpusii); filaments glabrous distally; corolla lobes not finely ciliate |
| |
| 3. Staminode hairy; anthers glabrous on inner margins |
| |
| 4. Corolla 1520 mm; leaves glabrous; anther sacs 11.3 mm |
| P. gracilentus |
| 4' Corolla 2434 mm; leaves hairy; anther sacs 1.41.9 mm |
| |
| 5. Leaves well distributed on stems; anther sacs 1.71.9 mm, dehiscing < 1/3 length |
| P. papillatus |
| 5' Leaves generally basal; anther sacs 1.41.7 mm, dehiscing for ± 1/2 length |
| P. scapoides |
| 3' Staminode glabrous; anthers hairy on inner margins near filament attachment |
| |
| 6. Leaves generally basal; corolla floor hairy |
| P. caesius |
| 6' Leaves well distributed on stems; corolla floor glabrous |
| |
| 7. Herbage densely canescent-hairy; plant 0.52 dm |
| P. purpusii |
| 7' Herbage glabrous to finely hairy; plant generally > 2 dm |
| |
| 8. Inflorescence glandular, peduncles widely spreading |
| |
| 9. Corolla 1322 mm; anther sacs 1.22.2 mm, dehiscing for 2/53/5 length |
| |
| 10. Leaves thread-like, 0.41.5 mm wide; anther sacs 1.21.4 mm |
| P. filiformis |
| 10' Leaves linear to (ob)lanceolate, 29 mm wide; anther sacs 1.52.2 mm |
| P. roezlii |
| 9' Corolla 2138 mm; anther sacs 1.73.2 mm, dehiscing for 3/54/5 length |
| |
| 11. Herbage glaucous, glabrous |
| P. neotericus |
| 11' Herbage green, hairy, leaves sometimes glabrous |
| P. laetus |
| 12. Calyx 814 mm, lobes narrowly lanceolate |
| var. leptosepalus |
| 12' Calyx 4.79 mm, lobes generally lanceolate to ovate |
| |
| 13. Corolla throat open, lips ± spreading; anther sacs dehiscing for 2/33/5 length |
| var. laetus |
| 13' Corolla throat somewhat narrowed at mouth, lips ± projecting; anther sacs dehiscing for 3/5 4/5 length |
| var. sagittatus |
| 8' Inflorescence glabrous, peduncles appressed-ascending |
| |
| 14. Upper leaves widest near base, generally cordate-clasping; herbage generally glabrous, glaucous |
| |
| 15. Corolla 1420 mm; anther sacs 1.42 mm |
| P. parvulus |
| 15' Corolla 2035 mm; anther sacs 1.83.5 mm |
| P. azureus |
| 16. Calyx 57.5 mm, lobes ± ovate, long-tapered tips 1.53.2 mm; leaves linear, 49 cm, 27.5 mm wide |
| var. angustissimus |
| 16' Calyx 36.5 mm, lobes (ob)lanceolate to ± round, pointed tips 0.21.5 mm; leaves (ob)lanceolate, 16.5 cm, 517 mm wide |
| var. azureus |
| 14' Upper leaves tapered to base; herbage glabrous or hairy, rarely glaucous |
| P. heterophyllus |
| 17. Leaves narrowly (ob)lanceolate, 27.5 mm wide, rarely with axillary leaf clusters |
| var. purdyi |
| 17' Most leaves linear (some narrowly (ob)lanceolate), 0.55 mm wide, generally with axillary leaf clusters |
| |
| var. australis |
| 18' Plant glabrous, sometimes lower stems short-hairy |
| var. heterophyllus
|
| |
| 2. Herbage glandular-hairy; corolla lobes glandular-hairy inside |
| |
| 3. Herbage densely glandular-hairy; flower-stems erect, generally > 4 dm, stout |
| P. sudans |
| 3' Herbage sparsely glandular-hairy; flower-stems generally decumbent at base, generally < 4 dm |
| P. deustus |
| 4. Leaves lanceolate, generally < 8 mm wide; calyx generally < 4 mm, lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla 1015 mm |
| var. pedicellatus |
| 4' Leaves ovate to ± round, 728 mm wide; calyx generally > 4 mm, lobes narrowly lanceolate, sharply acute or long-tapered; corolla 911 mm |
| var. suffrutescens |
| 2' Herbage nonglandular-hairy; corolla lobes glabrous inside or corolla floor nonglandular-hairy |
| |
| 5. Inflorescence glabrous; calyx 1.54.5 mm; corolla 610 mm |
| |
| 6. Leaves generally all cauline, linear or narrowly lanceolate, generally folded lengthwise and arching-recurved |
| 2 P. cinicola |
| 6' Leaves best developed on basal sterile stems, these (ob)lanceolate to obovate, cauline leaves ascending, rarely folded lengthwise, not arching-recurved (for vars. see 29) |
| 2 P. procerus |
| 5' Inflorescence hairy, generally glandular; calyx 312 mm; corolla 1030 mm |
| |
| |
| 8. Corolla 2025 mm, floor arched, closing off throat, hiding stamens and densely hairy interior |
| P. personatus |
| 8' Corolla 1018 mm, floor not closing off throat, stamens and glabrous throat interior exposed |
| |
| 9. Leaves at base of plant 1575 mm, 232 mm wide, petioled (upper leaves sessile) |
| P. humilis |
| 9' Leaves similar throughout, 820 mm, 0.86 mm wide, petioled |
| |
| 10. Plant ± erect, not mat-forming, stems 13 dm; calyx lobes ovate |
| P. californicus |
| 10' Plant low, generally mat-forming, stems 0.51.5 dm; calyx lobes lanceolate |
| P. thompsoniae |
| |
| 11. Corolla gradually expanded into throat, 46 mm wide when pressed; staminode ± included, not coiled at tip |
| |
| 12. Anther sacs 0.60.7 mm, valves spreading widely; corolla 1317 mm |
| P. calcareus |
| 12' Anther sacs 1.11.4 mm, valves barely spreading; corolla 1520 mm |
| P. monoensis |
| 11' Corolla abruptly and widely expanded into throat, 712 mm wide (45 mm in P. barnebyi) when pressed; staminode exserted, coiled at tip |
| |
| 13. Corolla 1014 mm, throat 45 mm wide when pressed |
| P. barnebyi |
| 13' Corolla 1828 mm, throat 712 mm wide when pressed |
| P. janishiae |
| 1' Herbage (below inflorescence) glabrous |
| |
| 14. Inflorescence glabrous; leaf margin generally entire |
| |
| |
| 16. Anther sacs 0.61.2 mm; corolla floor glabrous |
| |
| 17. Corolla generally < 17 mm, moderately expanded, lavender, magenta, or violet |
| 2 P. patens |
| 17' Corolla > 17 mm, cylindric or narrowly funnel-shaped, red |
| |
| 18. Corolla lobes projecting, not spreading, glabrous; leaves cordate-clasping |
| P. centranthifolius |
| 18' Corolla lobes spreading, glandular; leaves not cordate-clasping |
| P. utahensis |
| 16' Anther sacs 1.22.4 mm; corolla floor glabrous or hairy |
| |
| 19. Upper leaf pairs fused around stem, sharply serrate |
| |
| 20. Corolla 1922 mm, bright pink; anther-sacs 1.31.6 mm |
| P. clevelandii var. connatus |
| 20' Corolla 2434 mm, bluish purple or blue; anther-sacs 1.82.4 mm |
| P. spectabilis var. spectabilis |
| 19' Leaf pairs free (or barely fused in some hybrids), entire or weakly serrate |
| |
| 21. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, 1035 mm wide; staminode included, glabrous; common hybrid-> (see P. centranthifolius) |
| 21' Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 39 mm wide; staminode exserted, densely hairy |
| P. fruticiformis |
| 22. Corolla 2224 mm, throat 810 mm wide when pressed, glandular outside; calyx lobes ovate, generally 57.5 mm |
| var. amargosae |
| 22' Corolla 2428 mm, throat 1014 mm wide when pressed, glabrous outside; calyx lobes widely ovate to ± round, generally 4.56 mm |
| var. fruticiformis |
| |
| 23. Openly branched shrub; leaves narrowly linear, generally rolled inward, generally < 1.4 mm wide |
| P. thurberi |
| 23' Perennial, flower-stems generally little-branched; leaves generally lanceolate to ovate (linear in P. cinicola), flat to folded, 122 mm wide |
| |
| 24. Leaves thick; anther sacs 11.2 mm; corolla floor glabrous |
| 2 P. patens |
| 24' Leaves ± thin; anther sacs 0.31 mm; corolla floor hairy |
| |
| 25. Corolla 917 mm (if < 10 mm anther sacs 0.50.8 mm) |
| |
| 26. Plant 812 cm; upper cauline leaves ovate to ± round, 1020 mm; anther sacs < 0.5 mm; calyx 2.53 mm |
| P. tracyi |
| 26' Plant 1560 cm; upper cauline leaves (ob)lanceolate, 1570 mm; anther sacs 0.51 mm; calyx 35 mm |
| |
| 27. Stem base generally buried in sand; lower cauline leaves scale-like |
| P. albomarginatus |
| 27' Stem base aboveground; lower cauline leaves well developed |
| P. rydbergii var. oreocharis |
| 25' Corolla 610 mm; anther sacs 0.30.5 mm |
| |
| 28. Leaves generally all cauline, linear to narrowly lanceolate, generally folded lengthwise and arching-recurved |
| 2 P. cinicola |
| 28' Leaves best developed on basal, sterile stems, (ob)lanceolate to obovate, cauline leaves ascending, not arching-recurved |
| P. procerus |
| 29. Plant 1040 cm; upper cauline leaves 1045 mm, 310 mm wide |
| var. brachyanthus |
| 29' Plant 512 cm; upper cauline leaves generally 520 mm, 15.5 mm wide |
| var. formosus |
| 14' Inflorescence glandular-hairy; leaf margin toothed (except P. heterodoxus) |
| |
| 30. Upper leaf pairs fused around stem |
| |
| 31. Anther sacs 0.81.3 mm, valves spreading flat |
| |
| 32. Corolla generally > 20 mm, throat 59 mm wide when pressed; lower lip strongly lined; anther sacs 1.1 1.3 mm |
| P. pseudospectabilis |
| 32' Corolla generally < 20 mm, throat 46 mm wide when pressed, lower lip lacking prominent guide-lines; anther sacs 0.81.1 mm |
| P. stephensii |
| 31' Anther sacs 1.32.4 mm, valves hardly spreading (except P. bicolor) |
| |
| 33. Corolla 1827 mm; anther sacs 1.32 mm |
| P. bicolor |
| 33' Corolla 2434 mm; anther sacs 1.82.4 mm |
| |
| 34. Corolla pale pink to lavender-pink; staminode densely hairy, exserted |
| P. palmeri |
| 34' Corolla bluish purple or blue; staminode glabrous, included |
| P. spectabilis var. subviscosus |
| 30' Leaves free, not fused around stem |
| |
| |
| 36. Leaves ± toothed, upper cordate-clasping; upper side of corolla abruptly expanded |
| P. anguineus |
| 36' Leaves entire, upper not cordate-clasping; upper side of corolla moderately expanded |
| P. heterodoxus |
| 37. Plant 520 cm; inflorescence of 1(2) flower cluster |
| var. heterodoxus |
| 37' Plant generally > 20 cm; inflorescence generally of > 2 flower clusters |
| |
| 38. Inflorescence strongly glandular |
| var. cephalophorus |
| 38' Inflorescence moderately glandular |
| var. shastensis |
| |
| 39. Leaves thin; upper side of corolla tube ± abruptly expanded; calyx 612 mm |
| P. rattanii |
| 40. Calyx lobes ovate, obtuse or rounded, calyx 67 mm |
| var. kleei |
| 40' Calyx lobes lanceolate, acute or long-tapered, calyx 612 mm |
| var. rattanii |
| 39' Leaves thick; corolla gradually expanded or lower side ± abruptly expanded; calyx 38.5 mm |
| |
| 41. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 1.57 mm wide |
| P. incertus |
| 41' Leaves lanceolate to widely ovate, 1060 mm wide |
| |
| 42. Corolla gradually expanded, throat 4.59 mm wide when pressed |
| |
| 43. Corolla 2430 mm; anther sacs 1.21.6 mm; main upper leaves 4590 mm; common hybrid-> (see P. centranthifolius) |
| 43' Corolla 1824 mm; anther sacs 0.81.3 mm; main upper leaves 2055 mm |
| P. clevelandii |
| 44. Leaves entire to moderately serrate; staminode glabrous or sparsely hairy |
| var. clevelandii |
| 44' Leaves sharply serrate; staminode densely hairy |
| var. mohavensis |
| 42' Corolla strongly expanded, throat 620 mm wide when pressed |
| |
| 45. Staminode included, glabrous; anther-sacs 1.31.9 mm |
| P. floridus |
| 46. Corolla 2127 mm, expanded gradually to throat, 611 mm wide when pressed, mouth perpendicular to tube, tube 68 mm |
| var. austinii |
| 46' Corolla 2430 mm, ± abruptly expanded to throat, 1016 mm wide when pressed, mouth oblique to tube, tube 712 mm |
| var. floridus |
| 45' Staminode exserted, hairy; anther-sacs 1.62.2 mm |
| P. grinnellii |
| 47. Plant 1060 cm; young branches light green; corolla 2230 mm, whitish, tinged pink or lavender |
| var. grinnellii |
| 47' Plant 4585 cm; young branches glaucous; corolla 2635 mm, tinged (blue-) violet |
| var. scrophularioides
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