| |
| | 2. Anthers very dark; phyllaries barely keeled; older leaf axils woolly-tufted; Channel Islands |
| H. clementina |
| | 2' Anthers yellow; phyllaries strongly keeled; older leaf axils not woolly-tufted; s Western Transverse Ranges |
| H. minthornii |
| | 1' Annual or perennial herb |
| |
| | 3. Leaves rigidly spine-tipped |
| |
| H. pungens |
| | 5. Chaff scales obtuse to acute, not spine-tipped; South Coast, Peninsular Ranges |
| subsp. laevis |
| | 5' Chaff scales spine-tipped; widespread |
| |
| | 6. Leaves and bracts scabrous — South Coast Ranges, San Joaquin Valley, Southwestern California |
| subsp. pungens |
| | 6' Leaves and bracts glabrous |
| |
| | 7. Heads 7–10 mm diam, 5–40 per dense cluster; < 50 m; s North Coast Ranges, c Great Central Valley, n Central Western California |
| subsp. maritima |
| | 7' Heads generally 4–6 mm diam, scattered; < 500 m; Cascade Range Foothills, Sacramento Valley |
| subsp. septentrionalis |
| |
| | 8. Chaff scales obtuse, long-soft-hairy |
| H. fitchii |
| | 8' Chaff scales obtuse to acute, ± resinous-thickened, not long-soft-hairy |
| H. parryi |
| | 9. Herbage glandular and long-hairy |
| |
| | 10. Anthers very dark; involucre 4–5.5 mm; ligules ± 2 mm; South Coast |
| subsp. australis |
| | 10' Anthers yellow; involucre 5–10 mm; ligules 3–6 mm; s North Coast Ranges, n&c Central Western California |
| subsp. parryi |
| | 9' Herbage not glandular, variously hairy |
| |
| | 11. Herbage long-spreading-hairy but not puberulent; involucre 4.5–8 mm, generally overtopped by subtending bracts; ligules 2.5–3 mm; c&s Central Western California |
| subsp. congdonii |
| | 11' Herbage rough-puberulent; involucre 3.5–5 mm, barely overtopped by subtending bracts or generally not; ligules ± 2 mm; c-w Great Central Valley |
| subsp. rudis |
| | 3' Leaves not spine-tipped |
| |
| | 12. Ray achenes beakless; ligules white to yellow; chaff scales scattered throughout, ± fused at base — North Coast Ranges, Sacramento Valley, Central Western California |
| H. congesta |
| subsp. congesta |
| |
| | 14. Phyllary tips generally >> body |
| |
| | 15. Heads generally solitary, overtopped by upper leaves; herbage densely glandular; Inner North Coast Ranges, n Sacramento Valley |
| subsp. calyculata |
| | 15' Heads generally ± clustered, generally little overtopped; herbage soft-hairy, barely glandular or not; s North Coast Ranges, San Francisco Bay Area |
| subsp. leucocephala |
| | 14' Phyllary tips generally < body |
| |
| | 16. Heads generally ± sessile along inflorescence branches, in clusters |
| subsp. clevelandii |
| | 16' Heads generally peduncled, ± terminal on inflorescence branches |
| |
| | 17. Leaves green to silky-canescent or tomentose, generally ± sticky-glandular (especially upward and in autumn); flowers spring to autumn; Inner North Coast Ranges, c Sacramento Valley, Central Western California |
| subsp. luzulifolia |
| | 17' Leaves green, puberulent, barely glandular or not; flowers in spring; North Coast Ranges |
| subsp. tracyi |
| | 12' Ray achenes with short, off-center beak; ligules yellow; chaff scales in 1 ring between ray and disk flowers, free or ± fused |
| |
| | 18. Anthers yellow; upper leaves lanceolate; stems generally ± white |
| |
| | 19. Disk pappus 0; disk flowers 18–60 |
| |
| | 20. Stems solid; herbage ± soft-bristly; involucre glands dense, stalked; disk flowers 18–25, sometimes fruiting, corolla glabrous; ray achenes ± 2.5 mm; basal leaves deeply toothed; w Mojave Desert (eastern Kern Co.) |
| H. arida |
| | 20' Stems hollow; herbage becoming ± glabrous; involucre glands sessile; disk flowers 28–60, staminate, corolla base minutely glandular; ray achenes 3.5–4 mm; basal leaves (sub)entire; Inner South Coast Ranges |
| H. halliana |
| | 19' Disk pappus present; disk flowers 6–21 |
| |
| | 21. Ray flowers 8–12; disk flowers 10–21; phyllaries lanceolate |
| H. pallida |
| | 21' Ray flowers 5; disk flowers 6; phyllaries ± linear |
| |
| | 22. Inflorescence open, panicle-like; pappus scales ± linear, entire or ± fringed; basal leaves clearly toothed; San Joaquin Valley, s Sierra Nevada Foothills, e San Francisco Bay Area, Southwestern California |
| H. kelloggii |
| | 22' Inflorescence dense; pappus scales lanceolate to rectangular, deeply cut; basal leaves subentire; s San Bernardino Mountains |
| H. mohavensis |
| | 18' Anthers very dark; upper leaves ± linear; stems reddish |
| |
| | 23. Pappus ± 0; ray flowers 18–35; disk flowers > 27, staminate; coast |
| H. corymbosa |
| | 24. Inflorescence open, panicle-like; stems generally branched above; ray flowers 18–24(28); disk flowers 28–35(40); involucre 6–9.5 mm diam; c&s North Coast, n Central Coast, San Francisco Bay Area |
| subsp. corymbosa |
| | 24' Inflorescence dense; stems often branched near base; ray flowers 20–35; disk flowers 40–70; involucre 9–13.5 mm diam; n&c Central Coast |
| subsp. macrocephala |
| | 23' Pappus well developed; ray flowers generally 3–18(20); disk flowers 3–31, sometimes fruiting; coast or interior |
| |
| | 25. Ray flowers 3–5; phyllaries strongly keeled; lower leaves abruptly pointed |
| |
| | 26. Herbage hairs not bulb-based; plants bright green; inflorescence ± flat-topped to panicle-like; lower leaves generally weakly lobed; phyllaries not scabrous |
| H. pentactis |
| | 26' Herbage hairs bulb-based; plants gray-green; inflorescence open, panicle-like; lower leaves deeply 1–2-pinnately lobed; phyllaries scabrous on keel |
| |
| | 27. Ray flowers 5; disk flowers 6; heads generally 2–3 in clusters, subsessile; c South Coast Ranges |
| H. fasciculata |
| | 27' Ray flowers 3; disk flowers 3; heads generally solitary, slender-peduncled; Cascade Range Foothills, ne&c Central Western California |
| H. lobbii |
| | 25' Ray flowers 8–20; phyllaries keeled or rounded; lower leaves acuminate |
| |
| | 28. Disk flowers generally fruiting; disk corollas hairy; pappus scales oblong or elliptic |
| |
| | 29. Ray flowers 13–20; ligules narrowly obovate; disk flowers 24–31; basal leaves (sub)entire; inflorescence ± flat-topped; peduncles 5–15 mm; herbage soft-hairy; pappus scales barely fringed, reddish brown; s Peninsular Ranges |
| H. floribunda |
| | 29' Ray flowers 8; ligules widely obovate; disk flowers 8–13; basal leaves deeply lobed; inflorescence panicle-like; peduncles 1–4 cm; herbage bristly; pappus scales fringed, white; South Coast, sw Peninsular Ranges |
| H. paniculata |
| | 28' Disk flowers generally staminate; disk corollas (sub)glabrous; pappus scales ± linear (narrowly lanceolate) |
| |
| | 30. Phyllaries keeled, with short-stalked and large, sessile flat glands near margin; phyllary tips acuminate; herbage soft-bristly |
| H. conjugens |
| | 30' Phyllaries not keeled, densely glandular (glands small, sessile, rounded); phyllary tips abruptly pointed; herbage stiff-bristly |
| H. increscens |
| | 31. Plant gray-green, soft-hairy; ray flowers 13; disk flowers 18–31; involucre 8–10 mm diam; inflorescence rounded or flat-topped |
| subsp. villosa |
| | 31' Plant deep green, stiff-bristly; ray flowers 8–13; disk flowers 14–30; involucre 5–9 mm diam; inflorescence panicle-like |
| |
| | 32. Ray flowers generally 8(10); disk flowers 18–30; involucre 5–7.5 mm diam |
| subsp. foliosa |
| | 32' Ray flowers generally (8)13; disk flowers 14–20; involucre 6–9 mm diam |
| subsp. increscens
|