| |
| | 2. Corolla lobes generally 3 |
| |
| | 3. Leaves in whorls of 2–4; flowers generally solitary in axils |
| G. bifolium |
| | 3' Leaves in whorls of 4–6; flowers several in axils |
| 2 G. trifidum |
| | 4. Plant weak, straggling |
| var. pacificum |
| | 4' Plant tufted or matted, dwarfed |
| var. pusillum |
| | 2' Corolla lobes generally 4 |
| |
| | 5. Nutlets sausage-shaped, with unevenly distributed, hooked hairs |
| G. murale |
| | 5' Nutlets ± spheric, glabrous or with evenly distributed, hooked hairs, sometimes with hair-like tubercles |
| |
| | 6. Leaves in whorls of 2–4; fruit with hooked hairs |
| G. proliferum |
| | 6' Leaves in whorls of 5–8; fruit with or without hooked hairs |
| |
| | 7. Plant erect, very slender; leaf < 7 mm |
| |
| | 8. Fruit glabrous; leaf seldom or little reflexed |
| G. divaricatum |
| | 8' Fruit generally with hooked hairs; leaf eventually reflexed |
| G. parisiense |
| | 7' Plant generally climbing or decumbent, coarse; leaf 13–32 mm |
| |
| | 9. Fruit with hooked hairs, the pair of nutlets < 4 mm wide; pedicel slender, spreading |
| G. aparine |
| | 9' Fruit with hair-like tubercles, without hairs, the pair of nutlets > 4 mm wide; pedicel stout, recurved |
| G. tricornutum |
| |
| | 10. Corolla generally 3-lobed; fruit 2 nutlets, spheric, smooth, hard |
| 2 G. trifidum |
| | 11. Plant weak, straggling |
| var. pacificum |
| | 11' Plant tufted or matted, dwarfed |
| var. pusillum |
| | 10' Corolla generally 4-lobed; fruit 2 nutlets, various, or a berry |
| |
| |
| | 13. Leaves in whorls of 4 |
| G. oreganum |
| | 13' Leaves in whorls of 6 |
| G. triflorum |
| | 12' Fruit hairs 0 or not hooked |
| |
| |
| | 15. Leaves in whorls of 4 |
| G. boreale subsp. septentrionale |
| | 15' Leaves in whorls of 5–12 |
| |
| G. verum |
| |
| | 17. Plants forming dense mats in lawns; stems 7–15 cm |
| G. saxatile |
| | 17' Plants ascending or decumbent, not forming mats; stems 30–120 cm |
| |
| | 18. Corolla bell-shaped; ovaries with short, upwardly curved hairs |
| G. mexicanum var. asperulum |
| | 18' Corolla rotate; ovaries glabrous or with small tubercles |
| |
| | 19. Leaf generally < 15 mm, obovate to oblanceolate |
| G. mollugo |
| | 19' Leaf generally 25–60 mm, narrowly elliptic |
| G. schultesii |
| | 14' Flowers generally unisexual, either anthers or ovaries small, sterile — leaves in whorls of 4 (except G. hardhamiae, sometimes G. clementis) |
| |
| | 20. Fruit a berry, hairiness like that of herbage |
| |
| | 21. Leaves in whorls of 6 |
| G. hardhamiae |
| | 21' Leaves in whorls of 4 (sometimes 6 in G. clementis) |
| |
| | 22. Plant low, generally not woody above ground |
| |
| | 23. Leaf ± bristle-like, sharp to touch, ± thick; dry areas |
| G. andrewsii |
| | 24. Plant dense, internode < leaf, and a main stem not apparent, and leaf generally awl-like, keeled, ascending; herbage not hairy |
| subsp. andrewsii |
| | 24' Plant elongate, internode > leaf, or a main stem apparent, or leaf wider than awl-like, flat, or spreading; herbage hairy or not |
| |
| | 25. Herbage sometimes hairy; leaf often flat, lanceolate, spreading; plant open, a main stem apparent |
| subsp. gatense |
| | 25' Herbage generally not hairy; leaf flat or ± keeled, narrower than lanceolate, generally ascending; plant ± dense, a main stem ± not apparent |
| subsp. intermedium |
| | 23' Leaf linear to elliptic, not sharp to touch, generally thin (except G. ambiguum var. siskiyouense); moist areas |
| |
| | 26. Leaf ± linear, generally ciliate |
| G. ambiguum |
| | 27. Leaf generally thin, ± finely hairy, margins ± parallel; ovary, fruit generally glabrous or velvety |
| var. ambiguum |
| | 27' Leaf often thick, generally glabrous or with marginal bristles, margins generally convex; ovary, fruit densely hairy |
| var. siskiyouense |
| | 26' Leaf ovate, elliptic, oblanceolate, or seeming linear, not ciliate (or hairs at least not restricted to margin) |
| |
| | 28. Leaf seeming linear, margin strongly turned down; Outer South Coast Ranges |
| G. clementis |
| | 28' Leaf generally ovate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, margin not or slightly turned down; widespread |
| |
| | 29. Leaf with few hairs, 6–10 mm; stem generally glabrous |
| G. muricatum |
| | 29' Leaf ± hairy, 3–20 mm; stem generally hairy |
| 2 G. californicum |
| subsp. californicum |
| | 30' Plant dense; n Channel Islands |
| subsp. miguelense |
| | 22' Plant often climbing, ± woody above ground |
| |
| | 31. Herbage generally with minute prickles; woody stem often long, slender, climbing or sprawling |
| |
| | 32. Leaf often obtuse or rounded but tip often with a short point, generally not sharp to touch |
| G. porrigens |
| | 33. Leaf broadly ovate to oblong |
| var. porrigens |
| var. tenue |
| | 32' Leaf generally tapered, tip often sharp to touch |
| |
| | 34. Herbage loosely sprawling, not climbing high, generally remaining green; Outer South Coast Ranges |
| G. californicum subsp. maritimum |
| | 34' Herbage densely tangled, climbing high, maturing red; South Coast, s Channel Islands, Western Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges |
| G. nuttallii |
| | 35. Herbage generally glabrous; s Channel Islands |
| subsp. insulare |
| | 35' Herbage with tiny, sharp, curved hairs; South Coast, Western Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges |
| subsp. nuttallii |
| | 31' Herbage generally without prickles; woody stem generally short |
| |
| | 36. Leaf ± glabrous, except sometimes margin, or puberulent |
| |
| | 37. Leaf sharp to touch at tip, 1-veined; Outer South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges |
| G. cliftonsmithii |
| | 37' Leaf not sharp to touch at tip, ± 3-veined; n of Outer South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges |
| |
| | 38. Leaf lance-ovate to elliptic, sessile (at least broadly attached); inflorescence branchlets ± stout; corolla generally red |
| 2 G. bolanderi |
| | 38' Leaf broadly elliptic to ovate, ± petioled; inflorescence branchlets thread-like; corolla generally yellowish — Cascade Range Foothills, Sierra Nevada, n Inner South Coast Ranges |
| G. sparsiflorum |
| | 39. Leaf generally glabrous, ovate, ± leathery |
| subsp. glabrius |
| | 39' Leaf puberulent, elliptic or sometimes ± ovate, generally limp |
| subsp. sparsiflorum |
| |
| | 40. Woody stems ± stout, ± stiff; montane |
| |
| | 41. Plant sprawling widely on low shrubs; leaf generally broadly elliptic; San Gabriel Mountains |
| G. grande |
| | 41' Plant tufted or ± climbing; leaf generally elliptic; farther n than SnGB |
| 2 G. bolanderi |
| | 40' Woody stems wiry, slender; generally coastal, insular, sometimes montane |
| 2 G. californicum |
| | 42. Leaf generally 4–6 mm, ± fleshy, abruptly petioled; Outer South Coast Ranges |
| subsp. luciense |
| | 42' Leaf 4–25 mm, not fleshy, generally not petioled |
| |
| | 43. Leaf 5–8 × longer than wide; n Sierra Nevada Foothills |
| subsp. sierrae |
| | 43' Leaf 2–4 × longer than wide |
| |
| | 44. Herbage generally with dense, soft, fine hairs, or sometimes nearly glabrous — Outer South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges, SnGB, n Channel Islands |
| subsp. flaccidum |
| | 44' Herbage with ± sparse, scattered hairs |
| |
| | 45. Hairs ± coarse; San Francisco Bay Area, Outer North Coast Ranges, Inner North Coast Ranges |
| subsp. californicum |
| | 45' Hairs fine; San Jacinto Mountains |
| subsp. primum |
| | 20' Fruit 2 nutlets, hairs unlike those of herbage, long, straight, (short, curved in G. buxifolium, G. jepsonii) |
| |
| | 46. Plant with staminate, pistillate, and sometimes bisexual flowers |
| |
| | 47. Herb; stem generally slender, flexible, woody; mainland |
| |
| | 48. Leaf ovate to orbicular, not sharp at tip; inflorescence narrow, open between dense clusters |
| G. parishii |
| | 48' Leaf linear to oblanceolate, acute or sharp at tip; inflorescence open |
| G. wrightii |
| | 47' Erect shrub; stem rigid, stout, woody; Channel Islands |
| |
| | 49. Ovary hairs short, curved, ascending; n Channel Islands |
| G. buxifolium |
| | 49' Ovary hairs long, straight, spreading (or nearly 0); s Channel Islands |
| G. catalinense |
| | 50. Stem, leaf hairs sparse, generally very short, straight or, if longer, curved but not curly; Channel Islands (San Clemente Island) |
| subsp. acrispum |
| | 50' Stem, leaf hairs ± dense, short, curly; Channel Islands (Santa Catalina Island) |
| subsp. catalinense |
| | 46' Plant with staminate or pistillate flowers only |
| |
| | 51. Ovary, fruit with short, curved, ascending hairs; corolla bell-shaped, divided halfway to base or less |
| G. jepsonii |
| | 51' Ovary, fruit with long, straight, spreading hairs; corolla rotate or, if bell-shaped, divided > halfway to base (except G. hilendiae subsp. kingstonense) |
| |
| | 52. Leaf ± linear, generally widest above middle |
| |
| | 53. Pedicel generally > fruit; upper nodes >> lower; fruit hairs < fruit |
| G. johnstonii |
| | 53' Pedicel generally < fruit; upper nodes ± = lower; fruit hairs = or > fruit |
| G. angustifolium |
| | 54. Corolla generally hairy (sometimes glabrous in subsp. jacinticum) |
| |
| | 55. Stem hairy, sometimes scabrous |
| |
| | 56. Stem hairs ± as long as those of leaf; stem ridges generally narrower than surfaces between; San Gabriel Mountains |
| subsp. gabrielense |
| | 56' Stem hairs shorter than those of leaf; stem ridges generally wider than surfaces between; s High Sierra Nevada |
| subsp. onycense |
| |
| | 57. Inflorescence pyramid-shaped, many-flowered, much-branched — plant 35–50 cm; Sonoran Desert (Borrego Desert) |
| subsp. borregoense |
| | 57' Inflorescence narrow, few-flowered, few-branched |
| |
| | 58. Plant 17–35 cm; leaf 11–26 mm; San Jacinto Mountains |
| subsp. jacinticum |
| | 58' Plant 6–16 cm; leaf generally 2–10 mm; San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains |
| subsp. nudicaule |
| | 54' Corolla generally glabrous or not more hairy than stem or leaf |
| |
| | 59. Woody stem internode often < leaf; plant generally glabrous; n Channel Islands |
| subsp. foliosum |
| | 59' Woody stem internode generally > leaf; plant hairy or not |
| |
| | 60. Plant tall or low, ± stout, glabrous to white-hairy; leaves not deciduous; widespread in hills, mtns, but not in Desert |
| subsp. angustifolium |
| | 60' Plant tall, very slender, generally glabrous; leaves deciduous; Desert Mountains |
| subsp. gracillimum |
| | 52' Leaf generally ovate, generally widest below middle |
| |
| | 61. Plant woody at base and above |
| |
| | 62. Stem flexible, few-branched; leaf obtuse to acute but not sharp at tip; Transverse Ranges, s High Sierra Nevada |
| G. hallii |
| | 62' Stem rigid, much-branched; leaf sharp at tip; Desert |
| G. stellatum var. eremicum |
| | 61' Plant woody only at base |
| |
| | 63. Corolla generally bell-shaped or cupped at base |
| |
| |
| | 65. Leaves at each node ± equal, lanceolate to ovate, tapered to a pointed tip; Desert Mountains |
| G. argense |
| | 65' Leaves at each node ± unequal, the 2 larger ovate to orbicular, rounded abruptly to a pointed tip; n High Sierra Nevada, Great Basin Floristic Province |
| 2 G. multiflorum |
| | 64' Herbage hairy, sometimes scabrous |
| |
| | 66. Leaf rounded abruptly to a pointed tip, generally ± arched |
| 2 G. multiflorum |
| | 66' Leaf tapered to a pointed tip, generally not arched |
| G. hilendiae |
| | 67. Plant generally tall, stiff; internode 2–6 × leaf; herbage ± hairy, generally scabrous; leaf tip ± sharp to touch |
| subsp. carneum |
| | 67' Plant generally ± low, flexible; internode 1–4.5 × leaf; herbage with long hairs; leaf tip not sharp |
| |
| | 68. Corolla throat wide; leaf ovate to ± round |
| subsp. hilendiae |
| | 68' Corolla throat slender; leaf lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic |
| subsp. kingstonense |
| | 63' Corolla generally rotate, sometimes shallowly bell-shaped |
| |
| | 69. Corolla hairy — East of Sierra Nevada, Desert Mountains |
| |
| G. munzii |
| | 70' Herbage glabrous below hairy inflorescence |
| |
| | 71. Plant flexible; leaf 8–23 mm, generally lanceolate to ovate, tip acute but not sharp to touch |
| G. magnifolium |
| | 71' Plant stiff; leaf 2–10 mm, ovate, tip sharp to touch |
| G. matthewsii |
| | 69' Corolla glabrous or velvety with magnification |
| |
| | 72. Fruit, including hairs, 3–4 mm, well exserted from leaves; c&s High Sierra Nevada, East of Sierra Nevada, Desert Mountains |
| G. hypotrichium |
| | 73. Corolla shallowly bell-shaped, reddish — herbage gray with ± dense, fine hairs; plant < 9 cm |
| subsp. tomentellum |
| | 73' Corolla generally rotate, greenish, yellow, or pink-tinged |
| |
| | 74. Plant 12–23 cm, not dense |
| subsp. inyoense |
| | 74' Plant 2.5–15 cm, ± dense (subsp. subalpinum often open) |
| |
| | 75. Herbage velvety with magnification |
| subsp. hypotrichium |
| | 75' Herbage hairy without magnification, not velvety |
| subsp. subalpinum |
| | 72' Fruit, including hairs, 5–8 mm, generally not much exserted from leaves; n High Sierra Nevada (n of Lake Tahoe), High North Coast Ranges |
| |
| | 76. Herbage grayish; leaf broadly ovate to round |
| G. grayanum |
| var. grayanum |
| | 77' Plant 2.5–14 cm, ± dwarfed |
| var. nanum |
| | 76' Herbage generally green; leaf lanceolate to elliptic or obovate |
| |
| | 78. Leaf lanceolate to elliptic |
| G. serpenticum |
| | 79. Corolla often ± cup-shaped; leaf tip generally flat; Klamath Ranges |
| subsp. scotticum |
| | 79' Corolla rotate; leaf tip often reflexed; Warner Mountains |
| subsp. warnerense |
| | 78' Leaf ovate to obovate or nearly round |
| G. glabrescens |
| | 80. Leaf ovate to obovate or round, tip sometimes blunt; Klamath Ranges |
| subsp. glabrescens |
| | 80' Leaf ovate, tip generally slender, acute; Warner Mountains |
| subsp. modocense
|