| 1. Involucres appearing terminal (or few lateral); inflorescence ± repeatedly forked (or ± evenly branched) or umbel-like; inflorescence axes often short |
| |
| 2. Perianth ± 1 mm, yellow to cream; East of Sierra Nevada, w Mojave Desert |
| |
| 3. Perianth cream; n East of Sierra Nevada |
| E. ampullaceum |
| 3' Perianth yellow; w Mojave Desert, s East of Sierra Nevada |
| E. mohavense |
| 2' Perianth ± 2 mm, white to red; Northwestern California, Central Western California |
| |
| 4. Inflorescence axes glabrous; involucres sessile (directly subtended by bracts) |
| |
| 5. Involucre ± 3 mm, ± cylindric, teeth 5; Inner North Coast Ranges, San Francisco Bay Area |
| E. luteolum var. caninum |
| 5' Involucre ± 4 mm, bell-shaped, teeth 8; Inner South Coast Ranges |
| E. nortonii |
| 4' Inflorescence axes generally ± hairy (if glabrous, lower involucres stalked) |
| |
| 6. Involucre glabrous inflorescence axes subglabrous; s San Francisco Bay Area, n Inner South Coast Ranges |
| E. argillosum |
| |
| 7. Leaves basal; Inner South Coast Ranges styles 0.10.3 mm |
| E. eastwoodianum |
| 7' Some leaves cauline (or lowest bracts quite leaf-like); Inner South Coast Ranges, San Francisco Bay Area |
| |
| 8. Involucres sessile throughout; ne San Francisco Bay Area; probably extinct |
| E. truncatum |
| 8' Lower involucres stalked; Inner South Coast Ranges styles 0.71 mm |
| |
| E. temblorense |
| 9' Perianth lobes papillate when fresh |
| E. vestitum |
| 1' Most involucres appearing lateral; inflorescence cyme-like, ± unevenly branched; axes sometimes long, wand-like |
| |
| 10. Perianth ± hairy (magnification needed) |
| |
| 11. Perianth densely long-hairy, 22.5 mm; Northwestern California |
| E. dasyanthemum |
| 11' Perianth minutely hairy, ± 1 mm; Desert Mountains |
| E. puberulum |
| 10' Perianth (sub)glabrous (sometimes minutely glandular) |
| |
| |
| 13. Inflorescence axes ± tomentose |
| |
| 14. Perianth lobes widened at base; San Bernardino Mountains, Peninsular Ranges; rare |
| E. foliosum |
| 14' Perianth lobes ± fan-shaped, narrowed at base; Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert; common |
| |
| 15. Perianth yellow to red; inflorescence branches generally curved ± inward |
| E. nidularium |
| 15' Perianth white to pink or pale yellow; inflorescence branches generally curved ± outward |
| E. palmerianum |
| 13' Inflorescence axes glabrous |
| |
| 16. Perianth yellow, ± 1 mm East of Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert |
| E. brachyanthum |
| 16' Perianth white to reddish, 12 mm |
| |
| 17. Perianth 11.5 mm; eastern Central Western California, Western Transverse Ranges |
| E. elegans |
| 17' Perianth 12 mm; Southwestern California, Great Basin Floristic Province, w Desert |
| E. baileyi |
| 18. Inflorescence glabrous; Southwestern California, Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert; common |
| var. baileyi |
| 18' Inflorescence tomentose; Great Basin Floristic Province; uncommmon |
| var. praebens |
| |
| 19. Leaf blade elliptic to (ob)lanceolate; inflorescence axes generally tomentose |
| |
| 20. Involucre 45 mm, teeth minute |
| E. roseum |
| 20' Involucre generally 23.5 mm, teeth ± prominent |
| |
| 21. Inflorescence axes ± upcurved; petiole often winged South Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges |
| E. cithariforme |
| 21' Inflorescence axes straight; petiole slender |
| E. gracile |
| 22. Inflorescence generally tomentose; widespread |
| var. gracile |
| 22' Inflorescence ± glabrous; Peninsular Ranges |
| var. incultum |
| 19' Leaf blade ± round; inflorescence axes glabrous or woolly above nodes |
| |
| 23. Inflorescence axes generally woolly above nodes; Klamath Ranges, Cascade Range, n High Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau |
| E. vimineum |
| 23' Inflorescence axes glabrous; widespread |
| |
| 24. Some leaves ± cauline (or lowest bracts leaf-like and scale-like) |
| L. luteolum var. luteolum |
| 24' Leaves basal; bracts scale-like |
| |
| 25. Involucre 22.5 mm Central Western California, nw Western Transverse Ranges |
| E. covilleanum |
| |
| 26. Involucre 34 mm; plant 540 cm; Southwestern California, East of Sierra Nevada, Desert |
| E. davidsonii |
| 26' Involucre 47 mm; plant 40100 cm; n Western Transverse Ranges, San Bernardino Mountains, Peninsular Ranges |
| E. molestum
|
| 1. Some leaves cauline (or lower bracts quite leaf-like) |
| |
| 2. Leaf linear, < 2 mm wide, rolled under California Floristic Province, Great Basin Floristic Province |
| E. spergulinum |
| 3. Inflorescence prostrate to ascending, generally 25 cm, axes glabrous s High Sierra Nevada |
| var. pratense |
| 3' Inflorescence erect, 540 cm, axes glandular |
| |
| 4. Perianth ± 2 mm; widespread, including Sierra Nevada |
| var. reddingianum |
| 4' Perianth ± 3 mm; Sierra Nevada |
| var. spergulinum |
| 2' Leaf wider than linear, > 2 mm wide, flat |
| |
| 5. Perianth covered with hooked hairs |
| |
| 6. Flowers 2 per involucre |
| E. hirtiflorum |
| 6' Flowers 46 per involucre |
| E. inerme |
| 5' Perianth glabrous, glandular, or soft-wavy-hairy |
| |
| 7. Perianth soft-wavy-hairy adjacent to s San Joaquin Valley |
| 2 E. ordii |
| 7' Perianth glabrous or glandular |
| |
| 8. Stamens long-exserted; widespread c&s California |
| E. angulosum |
| 8' Stamens included; some widespread |
| |
| 9. Flowers hidden by dense, cottony hairs; s Sierra Nevada Foothills, w San Joaquin Valley |
| E. gossypinum |
| 9' Flowers not hidden; widespread, including San Joaquin Valley |
| |
| 10. Outer perianth lobes flat, wavy-margined s Sierra Nevada, San Joaquin Valley, Inner South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges, w Mojave Desert |
| E. gracillimum |
| 10' Outer perianth lobes with a pouch-like bulge or cup |
| |
| 11. Outer perianth lobes cupped at base; Great Basin Floristic Province, s High Sierra Nevada, Transverse Ranges |
| E. maculatum |
| 11' Outer perianth lobes cupped at tip; Tehachapi Mountain Area, San Joaquin Valley, Inner South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges, w Mojave Desert |
| E. viridescens |
| 1' Leaves basal (at most a few ± cauline on lowermost stem) |
| |
| 12. Leaf glabrous to coarsely hairy or hairy in patches (not tomentose); perianth often yellow (sometimes white to red) |
| |
| 13. Perianth glabrous east-central Sierra Nevada, East of Sierra Nevada |
| E. esmeraldense var. esmeraldense |
| 13' Perianth subglabrous to hairy |
| |
| 14. Perianth subglabrous to sparsely soft-hairy |
| |
| 15. Inflorescence axes sparsely hairy adjacent to s San Joaquin Valley |
| 2 E. ordii |
| 15' Inflorescence axes subglabrous or sparsely glandular |
| |
| 16. Perianth white, ± 2 mm; Peninsular Ranges, sw Desert Mountains |
| E. apiculatum |
| 16' Perianth pink to red, ± 0.5 mm; s Sierra Nevada, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, White and Inyo Mountains |
| E. parishii |
| 14' Perianth densely and often coarsely hairy |
| |
| 17. Perianth whitish; inflorescence glandular throughout ne Mojave Desert |
| E. glandulosum |
| 17' Perianth yellow; inflorescence glandular only at base or nodes |
| |
| 18. Involucre teeth generally 4(5); Central Western California, Desert |
| E. trichopes |
| 19. Plant erect, tall; involucre generally 11.5 mm; Inner South Coast Ranges, n Western Transverse Ranges |
| var. hooveri |
| 19' Plant spreading, low; involucre < 1 mm; Desert |
| var. trichopes |
| 18' Involucre teeth generally (4)5; Desert |
| |
| 20. Inflorescence axes slender, nodes glandular; eastern Mojave Desert; uncommon |
| E. contiguum |
| 20' Main inflorescence axes wider below nodes, generally glabrous; s Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert; common (plants generally 1st-year-flower per: see also Group 4) |
| E. inflatum var. inflatum |
| 12' Leaf ± tomentose on one or both surfaces; perianth generally white to reddish (sometimes yellow) |
| |
| 21. Outer perianth lobes ± cordate at base (magnification needed) |
| |
| |
| 23. Inflorescence flat-topped, generally < 30 cm; ne Mojave Desert |
| E. bifurcatum |
| 23' Inflorescence narrow, 20120 cm; Desert |
| E. deflexum var. rectum |
| |
| 24. Inflorescence axes glandular East of Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert |
| E. brachypodum |
| 24' Inflorescence axes glabrous (except sometimes very base) |
| |
| |
| 26. Involucre sessile; inflorescence ± umbrella-like; East of Sierra Nevada |
| E. hookeri |
| 26' Involucre stalks spreading or recurved; inflorescence ± open; Desert |
| 2 E. thomasii |
| |
| 27. Inflorescence pagoda-like, in several tiers; involucre ± 1 mm; perianth base swollen; n Mojave Desert |
| E. rixfordii |
| 27' Inflorescence not tiered; involucre ± 2 mm; perianth base not swollen; Desert, Great Basin Floristic Province |
| E. deflexum (part) |
| 28. Involucre 23 mm, stalk 315 mm; main inflorescence axes often wider below nodes; Tehachapi Mountain Area, Transverse Ranges, n&w Mojave Desert |
| var. baratum |
| 28' Involucre 12 mm, stalk 05 mm; inflorescence axes slender; East of Sierra Nevada, Desert |
| var. deflexum |
| 21' Outer perianth lobes obtuse to truncate at base |
| |
| 29. Perianth minutely hairy |
| |
| 30. Perianth white to red, ± hair-tufted inside eastern Peninsular Ranges, s Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert |
| E. thurberi |
| 30' Perianth yellow (if whitish, not hair-tufted inside) |
| |
| 31. Outer perianth lobe bases swollen Desert |
| 2 E. thomasii |
| 31' Outer perianth lobe bases not swollen |
| |
| 32. Involucre minutely glandular; Inner South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges, Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert |
| E. pusillum |
| 32' Involucre glabrous; Desert |
| E. reniforme |
| |
| 33. Involucres ± sessile; ne Mojave Desert |
| E. hoffmannii |
| 34. Leaf margin flat; plant spreading, < 50 cm; perianth lobes narrowly spoon-shaped |
| var. hoffmannii |
| 34' Leaf margin strongly wavy; plant erect, < 100 cm; perianth lobes narrowly ovate |
| var. robustius |
| 33' Involucres on ± recurved or reflexed stalks; Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert Mountains |
| |
| 35. Inflorescence glandular ± throughout; White and Inyo Mountains, Desert Mountains |
| E. eremicola |
| 35' Inflorescence glabrous (except sometimes involucre stalks); Great Basin Floristic Province |
| |
| 36. Outer perianth lobes wavy-margined |
| E. cernuum |
| 37. Involucre stalk 225 mm |
| var. cernuum |
| 37' Involucre stalk 02 mm |
| var. viminale |
| 36' Outer perianth lobes flat |
| |
| 38. Involucre obconic, ± 1.5 mm |
| E. deflexum var. nevadense |
| 38' Involucre bell-shaped, ± 2 mm |
| E. nutans
|
| 1. Perianth base ± indistinctly stalk-like, often ± wider than pedicel and ± funnel-shaped or sharply 3-angled |
| |
| 2. Inflorescence axis generally > 20 cm, stout, erect; inflorescence dense, ball-like, branches hidden; involucres generally many |
| |
| 3. Perianth bright yellow to rose; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to ovate, largest often < 10 mm wide; n Klamath Ranges |
| E. hirtellum |
| 3' Perianth cream to pale yellow; leaf blade generally ± round, largest generally > 15 mm wide; c&s Sierra Nevada, White and Inyo Mountains, Desert Mountains |
| E. latens |
| 2' Inflorescence axis generally < 5(40) cm, slender, often prostrate, branches generally visible (or 0); involucres generally 15 per node or cluster |
| |
| 4. Bracts whorled near middle of inflorescence axis; perianth glabrous, ± yellow; eastern Klamath Ranges |
| E. alpinum |
| 4' Bracts at branching nodes only; perianth glabrous or hairy, white to cream or rose; California |
| |
| 5. Perianth hairy; bracts 2 per node; High Cascade Range |
| E. pyrolifolium |
| 5' Perianth glabrous; bracts 35 per node; California |
| |
| 6. Inflorescence dense; involucres terminal; bracts leaf-like; stalk-like perianth base very short, not angled; n California |
| E. lobbii |
| 6' Inflorescence open; most involucres lateral; bracts scale-like; stalk-like perianth base long, sharply 3-angled; s California |
| E. saxatile |
| 1' Perianth base distinctly stalk-like, ± as wide as pedicel |
| |
| 7. Dioecious; staminate and pistillate plants obviously different |
| |
| 8. Leaf upper surface shedding as leaf ages, becoming olive-green eastern Klamath Ranges, High Cascade Range, n&c High Sierra Nevada |
| E. marifolium |
| 8' Leaf upper surface remaining tomentose |
| |
| 9. Leaf blade 515 mm wide; petiole 730 mm; Klamath Ranges |
| E. diclinum |
| 9' Leaf blade 37 mm wide; petiole 310 mm; High Sierra Nevada |
| E. incanum |
| 7' Not dioecious (or staminate and pistillate plants not different) |
| |
| |
| 11. Involucre lobes short, erect Inner North Coast Ranges, n&c Sierra Nevada Foothills |
| 2 E. tripodum |
| 11' Involucre lobes long, spreading or reflexed |
| |
| 12. Inflorescence branches (and involucres) 2 or more |
| |
| 13. Perianth 45 mm; Inner North Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada Foothills |
| 2 E. tripodum |
| 13' Perianth 59 mm; High Cascade Range, n High Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau |
| 2 E. sphaerocephalum |
| 14. Perianth cream or pale yellow, generally ± conspicuously hairy |
| var. halimioides |
| 14' Perianth bright yellow; generally ± inconspicuously hairy |
| var. sphaerocephalum |
| 12' Inflorescence unbranched (involucre 1 per inflorescence axis) |
| |
| 15. Inflorescence axis bractless Great Basin Floristic Province |
| E. cespitosum |
| 15' Inflorescence axis with whorl of bracts near middle |
| |
| 16. Fruit ± glabrous; s High Sierra Nevada |
| E. twisselmannii |
| 16' Fruit tip hairy; High Cascade Range, Modoc Plateau, n High Sierra Nevada |
| |
| 17. Inflorescence unbranched; involucre lobes reflexed, appressed to tube |
| E. douglasii |
| 17' Inflorescence generally branched; involucre lobes generally spreading, not appressed to tube (see 13' for vars.) |
| 2 E. sphaerocephalum |
| 10' Perianth (sub)glabrous |
| |
| 18. Leaf silky-hairy ± on both surfaces c Outer North Coast Ranges |
| E. kelloggii |
| 18' Leaf tomentose to woolly (rarely glabrous) especially below, not silky-hairy |
| |
| 19. Involucre lobes ± erect |
| |
| 20. Bracts whorled near middle of inflorescence axis |
| |
| 21. Plant densely matted; s Klamath Ranges, n North Coast Ranges |
| E. libertini |
| 21' Plant loosely matted or openly branched; Sierra Nevada (see 30' for vars.) |
| 2 E. prattenianum |
| 20' Some bracts ± immediately subtending involucres |
| |
| 22. Perianth white or pink s High Sierra Nevada |
| E. polypodum |
| 22' Perianth yellowish, often becoming red |
| |
| 23. Perianth pale yellow in early flower |
| |
| 24. Inflorescence axis < 10 cm; se North Coast Ranges |
| E. nervulosum |
| 24' Inflorescence axis generally 2040 cm; s Klamath Ranges, Cascade Range, n Sierra Nevada |
| E. ursinum |
| 23' Perianth bright yellow in early flower |
| |
| 25. Inner perianth lobes wider than outer lobes; fruit 2.53 mm; not on serpentine, Western Transverse Ranges |
| E. crocatum |
| 25' Inner and outer perianth lobes similar; fruit 3.55.5 mm; serpentine, Northwestern California |
| |
| 26. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblong, margin rolled under; Klamath Ranges |
| E. congdonii |
| 26' Leaf blade ovate to round, margin flat; n Northwestern California |
| E. ternatum |
| 19' Involucre lobes obviously reflexed |
| |
| 27. Inflorescence axis with whorled bracts near middle |
| |
| 28. Inflorescence branched; involucres several |
| |
| 29. Inflorescence rays generally 58; bracts subtending rays generally << bracts near mid-axis, generally sharply reflexed; Warner Mountains |
| E. heracleoides |
| 29' Inflorescence rays generally 15; bracts subtending rays ± = bracts near mid-axis, generally ascending to spreading; widespread, including Warner Mountains (see 33. for vars.) |
| 2 E. umbellatum |
| 28' Inflorescence unbranched; involucre 1 |
| |
| 30. Plant densely matted; eastern Klamath Ranges |
| E. siskiyouense |
| 30' Plant loosely branched, spreading; Sierra Nevada |
| 2 E. prattenianum |
| 31. Leaf blade becoming subglabrous above; c&s High Sierra Nevada |
| var. avium |
| 31' Leaf blade remaining tomentose above; n&c Sierra Nevada |
| var. prattenianum |
| 27' Inflorescence axis bractless near middle |
| |
| 32. Leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, largest generally > 30 mm wide |
| E. compositum |
| 32' Leaf blade elliptic to round, largest generally < 20 mm wide |
| 2 E. umbellatum |
| 33. Inflorescence a strictly simple umbel (obviously bracted only subtending rays, rays unbranched) |
| |
| 34. Perianth whitish, pale yellow, pink, or red, generally strongly striped |
| |
| 35. Leaf blade ± round, very densely tomentose (± felt-like) below; perianth ± bright red San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains |
| var. minus |
| 35' Leaf blade ± elliptic, ± thinly tomentose below; perianth cream to reddish brown |
| |
| 36. Perianth generally cream to pale yellow; Warner Mountains, n White and Inyo Mountains |
| var. dichrocephalum |
| 36' Perianth generally pink to reddish brown; s White and Inyo Mountains, n Desert Mountains |
| var. versicolor |
| 34' Perianth bright yellow, generally weakly striped |
| |
| 37. Low dense mat; inflorescence generally spreading; uncommon |
| |
| 38. Leaf blade ± narrowly elliptic, 26 mm wide; s High Sierra Nevada |
| var. covillei |
| 38' Leaf blade ± ovate to round, 510 mm wide; Klamath Ranges, n High North Coast Ranges, High Cascade Range |
| var. humistratum |
| 37' Spreading open mat or subshrub; inflorescence ± erect; common |
| |
| 39. Subshrub; leaf blade thinly tomentose below; Sierra Nevada (eastern slope), Great Basin Floristic Province, nw Mojave Desert |
| var. nevadense |
| 39' Spreading mat; leaf blade densely tomentose below; eastern Klamath Ranges, Cascade Range, n High Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau |
| var. polyanthum |
| 33' Inflorescence at least somewhat compound (some rays branched, or bracts whorled near mid-axis or mid-ray) |
| |
| 40. Leaf blade ± glabrous on both surfaces |
| |
| 41. Some inflorescence rays again branched, bractless except at branching nodes s High Sierra Nevada, eastern Tehachapi Mountain Area, East of Sierra Nevada |
| var. chlorothamnus |
| 41' Inflorescence rays unbranched, with whorl of bracts near middle |
| |
| 42. Perianth whitish or cream, 47 mm; Warner Mountains |
| var. glaberrimum |
| 42' Perianth bright yellow, 710 mm; n High Sierra Nevada |
| var. torreyanum |
| 40' Leaf blade hairy at least below |
| |
| 43. Perianth 712 mm; shrub, 50200 cm Klamath Ranges, n High Sierra Nevada |
| var. speciosum |
| 43' Perianth 38 mm; low matted herb or subshrub |
| |
| 44. Perianth pink to reddish brown, conspicuously dark-striped; s White and Inyo Mountains, n Desert Mountains |
| var. versicolor |
| 44' Perianth whitish to yellow; widespread |
| |
| 45. Perianth whitish or cream; eastern Desert Mountains |
| var. juniporinum |
| 45' Perianth yellow; widespread |
| |
| 46. Leaf blade sparsely hairy on both surfaces eastern Sierra Nevada, Transverse Ranges, East of Sierra Nevada, Desert Mountains |
| var. subaridum |
| 46' Leaf blade densely tomentose, at least below |
| |
| 47. Leaf blade remaining densely white-tomentose above s North Coast Ranges, San Francisco Bay Area, n South Coast Ranges |
| var. bahiiforme |
| 47' Leaf blade finally shedding above, becoming ± glabrous |
| |
| 48. Inflorescence subglabrous to thinly tomentose |
| |
| 49. Leaf blade generally finely toothed or wavy-margined; n Northwestern California |
| var. argus |
| 49' Leaf blade margin generally entire, flat; Sierra Nevada |
| var. furcosum |
| 48' Inflorescence ± densely tomentose |
| |
| 50. Inflorescence open (rays generally > 4 cm, involucres well separated); Transverse Ranges, San Jacinto Mountains |
| var. munzii |
| 50' Inflorescence ± compact (rays generally < 3 cm, involucres crowded); n California |
| var. polyanthum
|
| 1. Stem jointed, breaking into short-cylindric sections; flowers 150200 per involucre ne Mojave Desert; uncommon (subg. Clastomyelon) |
| E. intrafractum |
| 1' Stem not jointed; flowers 7100 per involucre (especially subg. Eucycla) |
| |
| 2. Plant cushion-like, matted, or cespitose |
| |
| 3. Inner and outer perianth lobes distinctly different (outer round, inner narrower, often notched) |
| |
| 4. Perianth balloon-like from bulging outer perianth lobes; Desert Mountains; uncommon |
| E. gilmanii |
| 4' Perianth not balloon-like; California Floristic Province, Great Basin Floristic Province; common |
| |
| 5. Inflorescence cyme- or umbel-like |
| E. strictum |
| 6. Perianth bright yellow especially Modoc Plateau |
| var. anserinum |
| |
| 7. Leaf blade generally 58 mm, generally ± round, both surfaces white-woolly Klamath Ranges |
| var. greenei |
| 7' Leaf blade generally 1030 mm, generally ± elliptic, generally tomentose below, ± shedding and brownish above |
| var. proliferum |
| 5' Inflorescence head-like (involucres in 1 cluster per axis) |
| |
| 8. Perianth bright yellow |
| |
| 9. Inflorescence axis 520 cm |
| E. ovalifolium var. ovalifolium |
| 9' Inflorescence axis generally 15 cm |
| E. strictum 2var. anserinum |
| 8' Perianth white to cream or purplish |
| E. ovalifolium (most) |
| 10. Leaf blade 560 mm; inflorescence axis generally 520 cm; perianth generally 46 mm |
| |
| 11. Leaf distinctly brown-margined; perianth white to cream |
| var. eximium |
| 11' Leaf not brown-margined; perianth white to purplish |
| var. purpureum |
| 10' Leaf blade generally 26 mm; inflorescence axis generally < 4 cm; perianth generally 23 mm |
| |
| 12. Involucre 24 mm; High Cascade Range, High Sierra Nevada, White and Inyo Mountains; not on limestone |
| var. nivale |
| 12' Involucre 57 mm; ne San Bernardino Mountains; limestone |
| var. vineum |
| 3' Inner and outer perianth lobes similar |
| |
| |
| 14. Involucre glandular leaf blade ± oblanceolate |
| |
| 15. Leaf blade 1025 mm; involucre teeth 5; n East of Sierra Nevada, 15002500 m |
| E. beatleyae |
| 15' Leaf blade 415 mm; involucre teeth 58; s High Cascade Range, n&c High Sierra Nevada, n East of Sierra Nevada, 23004000 m |
| E. rosense |
| 14' Involucre glabrous or hairy but not glandular |
| |
| 16. Leaf blade 412 mm, ± oblanceolate; inflorescence generally 515 cm; Modoc Plateau |
| E. prociduum |
| 16' Leaf blade 1035 mm, generally ± ovate; inflorescence 1040 cm; Great Basin Floristic Province |
| E. ochrocephalum |
| 17. Inflorescence axis ± tomentose; n East of Sierra Nevada |
| var. alexanderae |
| 17' Inflorescence axis glabrous or glandular; Modoc Plateau |
| var. ochrocephalum |
| 13' Perianth white (yellowish) to rose |
| |
| 18. Inflorescence axis hairy or glandular |
| |
| 19. Perianth and fruit long-hairy; Desert Mountains |
| E. shockleyi var. shockleyi |
| 19' Perianth generally ± glabrous or glandular; fruit glabrous |
| |
| 20. Inflorescence cyme-like, branches long; most involucres sessile, lateral Sierra Nevada, Central Western California, Transverse Ranges (see 64' for vars.) |
| 4 E. wrightii |
| 20' Inflorescence ± head-like; most involucres appearing terminal |
| |
| 21. Inflorescence branched (but branches often ± hidden); s High Sierra Nevada |
| E. breedlovei var. breedlovei |
| 21' Inflorescence head-like, ± unbranched; c&s High Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi Mountain Area, Transverse Ranges, East of Sierra Nevada |
| |
| 22. Inflorescence axis glandular; involucre flexible; c&s High Sierra Nevada, White and Inyo Mountains |
| E. gracilipes |
| 22' Inflorescence axis tomentose; involucre rigid; c&s Sierra Nevada, Transverse Ranges, East of Sierra Nevada (see 24' for vars.) |
| 2 E. kennedyi |
| 18' Inflorescence axis glabrous |
| |
| 23. Inflorescence cyme-like, branches long; most involucres sessile, lateral; Sierra Nevada, Central Western California (see 64' for vars.) |
| 4 E. wrightii |
| 23' Inflorescence ± head-like; c&s Sierra Nevada, Transverse Ranges, East of Sierra Nevada |
| |
| 24. Leaf coarsely hairy, ± rusty |
| E. breedlovei var. shevockii |
| 24' Leaf ± soft-tomentose, generally white |
| 2 E. kennedyi |
| 25. Leaf oblong, 26 mm; c&s Sierra Nevada, East of Sierra Nevada |
| |
| 26. Leaf gray to rusty; involucres 2.53.5 mm, tomentose; perianth 2.53.5 mm; se-most Sierra Nevada Foothills |
| var. pinicola |
| 26' Leaf white; involucres 1.52 mm, subglabrous; perianth 22.5 mm; High Sierra Nevada (e slope), East of Sierra Nevada, nw Desert Mountains |
| var. purpusii |
| 25' Leaf oblanceolate to elliptic, 212 mm; Transverse Ranges |
| |
| 27. Leaf generally 610 mm, tip generally acute; inflorescence axis 815 cm; involucre 2.54 mm |
| var. austromontanum |
| 27' Leaf 25 mm, tip ± rounded; inflorescence axis 112 cm; involucre 12.5 mm |
| |
| 28. Inflorescence axis generally 12 cm; 26003500 m |
| var. alpigenum |
| 28' Inflorescence axis 412 cm; 15002600 m |
| var. kennedyi |
| 2' Plant ± erect, not matted (except some E. microthecum & E. wrightii) |
| |
| |
| 30. Involucres solitary, 56 mm; flower 45 mm; n Outer South Coast Ranges |
| E. butterworthianum |
| 30' Involucres solitary or not, 1.53 mm; flower 24 mm; California |
| |
| 31. Generally most involucres sessile, lateral; inflorescence branches long |
| |
| 32. Branches fragile; involucres lateral especially near inflorescence tips; Great Basin Floristic Province |
| 2 E. nummulare |
| 32' Branches stout; involucres lateral throughout inflorescence; California Floristic Province, Desert (see 64' for vars.) |
| 4 E. wrightii |
| 31' Most involucres terminal; inflorescence branches ± short |
| |
| 33. Involucres clustered at nodes (plant of Channel Islands if solitary) |
| |
| 34. Leaves ± clustered, narrow; widespread, especially inland c&s California |
| E. fasciculatum |
| 35. Leaf oblanceolate, slightly rolled under, ± tomentose above |
| var. polifolium |
| 35' Leaf linear, tightly rolled under, subglabrous above |
| |
| 36. Leaf light yellow-green; perianth generally hairy inside Desert |
| var. flavoviride |
| 36' Leaf dark (or gray-) green; perianth glabrous or hairy outside |
| |
| 37. Plant generally decumbent; involucre and perianth generally glabrous Central Coast |
| var. fasciculatum |
| 37' Plant generally erect; involucre and perianth (outside) generally ± hairy |
| var. foliolosum |
| 34' Leaves borne singly, narrow or wide; ± coastal |
| |
| 38. Inflorescence branches few; generally mainland |
| |
| 39. Perianth hairy; s Central Coast, n South Coast, n Channel Islands |
| E. cinereum |
| 39' Perianth glabrous; Central Coast, South Coast |
| E. parvifolium |
| 38' Inflorescence branches many; Channel Islands |
| |
| 40. Leaf 25 cm, linear, rolled under |
| E. arborescens |
| 40' Leaf 210 cm, ± elliptic to ovate, flat |
| E. giganteum |
| 41. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblong San Clemente Island |
| var. formosum |
| 41' Leaf blade generally ± ovate |
| |
| 42. Plant < 100 cm; inflorescence dense or open; Santa Barbara Island |
| var. compactum |
| 42' Plant generally 150350 cm; inflorescence open; Santa Catalina Island |
| var. giganteum |
| 33' Involucres solitary (1 per node); mainland |
| |
| 43. Inflorescence with definable main axes (± unevenly branched, side branches smaller) |
| |
| 44. Inflorescence ± tiered or pagoda-shaped; outer perianth lobes narrowed to base Tehachapi Mountain Area, Desert |
| E. plumatella |
| 44' Inflorescence generally ± funnel-shaped, not tiered; outer perianth lobe bases ± cordate |
| 2 E. heermannii |
| 45. Inflorescence axes deeply grooved limestone cliffs, Desert Mountains |
| var. sulcatum |
| 45' Inflorescence axes round |
| |
| 46. Inflorescence axes thinly tomentose; e Desert Mountains |
| var. floccosum |
| 46' Inflorescence axes ± glabrous; widespread |
| |
| 47. Plant generally 1050 cm, low, spreading; leaves generally oblanceolate to spoon-shaped |
| |
| 48. Flower 1.52.5 mm; limestone cliffs, Desert Mountains |
| var. argense |
| 48' Flower 2.53 mm; gravel, especially East of Sierra Nevada, n Desert Mountains |
| var. humilius |
| 47' Plant generally 50200 cm, erect, ± rounded; leaves generally ± lanceolate |
| |
| 49. Leaf 515 mm, both surfaces remaining ± tomentose; inflorescence generally dense; s California Floristic Province |
| var. heermannii |
| 49' Leaf 1540 mm, generally shedding above; inflorescence generally ± open; s Inner South Coast Ranges |
| var. occidentale |
| 43' Inflorescence axis not evident above first node, branches ± even |
| |
| 50. Perianth and fruit hairy |
| |
| 51. Perianth yellow; s Sonoran Desert |
| E. deserticola |
| 51' Perianth white; Klamath Ranges |
| E. pendulum |
| 50' Perianth and fruit glabrous |
| |
| 52. Large, ± erect shrub; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 1030 mm |
| |
| 53. Inflorescence branches stout, ± spreading (see 44' for vars.); widespread |
| 2 E. heermannii |
| 53' Inflorescence open, branches fragile; Great Basin Floristic Province |
| 2 E. nummulare |
| 52' Low, spreading shrub or subshrub; leaf blade linear to narrowly elliptic, 320 mm |
| |
| 54. Leaf 46 mm, linear, strongly rolled under; eastern Desert Mountains |
| E. ericifolium |
| 54' Leaf 325 mm, generally ± oblanceolate, often ± flat; Sierra Nevada, Transverse Ranges, Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert (vars. difficult) |
| E. microthecum |
| 55. Largest leaves generally 1525 mm, nearly flat |
| |
| 56. Perianth yellowish; hairs generally ± white or gray; eastern Sierra Nevada, Great Basin Floristic Province |
| var. ambiguum |
| 56' Perianth white to pink or red-brown; hairs often pale red-brown; San Bernardino Mountains, s East of Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert |
| |
| 57. Upper leaves generally largest, nearly flat; inflorescence dense, flat-topped; perianth generally brownish; San Bernardino Mountains |
| var. corymbosoides |
| 57' Upper leaves smaller, strongly rolled under; inflorescence ± open, not very flat-topped; perianth white to pink |
| var. simpsonii |
| 55' Largest leaves generally 315 mm, generally distinctly rolled under |
| |
| 58. Plant generally 2060 cm; especially Great Basin Floristic Province, n Desert Mountains |
| |
| 59. Leaf generally 812 mm, generally barely rolled under |
| var. laxiflorum |
| 59' Leaf generally 58(15) mm, strongly rolled under |
| var. panamintense |
| 58' Plant 415 cm; High Sierra Nevada, eastern Transverse Ranges, s White and Inyo Mountains (var. alpinum complex) |
| |
| 60. Inflorescence ± open, main axes generally 24 cm; leaf generally ± densely tomentose above; s White and Inyo Mountains, rare |
| var. lapidicola |
| 60' Inflorescence compact, main axes generally < 1 cm; leaf generally thinly hairy above; c High Sierra Nevada, e Transverse Ranges, n East of Sierra Nevada |
| |
| 61. Leaf oblanceolate; perianth white to rose; c High Sierra Nevada, s East of Sierra Nevada |
| var. alpinum |
| 61' Leaf elliptic to ovate; perianth ± brownish; San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains |
| var. johnstonii |
| 29' Perennial (at most somewhat woody above caudex) |
| |
| 62. Most involucres sessile, lateral; inflorescence branches long, ± wand-like |
| |
| 63. Involucre 67 mm; plant 60180 cm Central Western California, Southwestern California |
| E. elongatum var. elongatum |
| 63' Involucre 25 mm; plant often < 50 cm |
| |
| 64. Leaf blade oblong to round; White and Inyo Mountains, Desert Mountains |
| E. panamintense |
| 64' Leaf blade linear to elliptic; California |
| 4 E. wrightii |
| 65. Matted per or subshrub; especially Sierra Nevada, Transverse Ranges |
| |
| 66. Plant densely matted, 16 cm; leaf blade 12 mm; involucre ± 2 mm; s Sierra Nevada; rare |
| var. olanchense |
| 66' Plant loosely matted, 1030 cm; leaf blade 512 mm; involucre 1.54 mm; Sierra Nevada, East of Sierra Nevada, Central Western California, Transverse Ranges, San Jacinto Mountains; common |
| var. subscaposum |
| 65' Shrub or subshrub, not matted; especially Desert, Northwestern California |
| |
| 67. Leaf woolly; inflorescence axes stout, rigid, densely gray-woolly Sonoran Desert; uncommon |
| var. nodosum |
| 67' Leaf tomentose (especially below); inflorescence generally slender, glabrous to white-, red- or green-tomentose |
| |
| 68. Leaf blade generally 210 mm, strongly rolled under; base of petiole fully ringing stem; Peninsular Ranges |
| var. membranaceum |
| 68' Leaf blade generally 530 mm, ± flat; base of petiole not fully ringing stem; Northwestern California, Mojave Desert |
| |
| 69. Leaf blade 1530 mm; involucre 23 mm; perianth 34 mm; Northwestern California |
| var. trachygonum |
| 69' Leaf blade generally 515 mm; involucre 22.5 mm; perianth 2.53.5 mm; Mojave Desert |
| var. wrightii |
| 62' Most involucres terminal; inflorescence branches either ± short or ± equal |
| |
| 70. Leaf blade < 20 mm; ± round; n Sierra Nevada Foothills inflorescence axis glabrous |
| E. apricum |
| var. apricum |
| 71' Inflorescence prostrate |
| var. prostratum |
| 70' Leaf blade generally > 20 mm; often not round; widespread |
| |
| 72. Leaf erect, blade 40150 mm, lanceolate |
| E. elatum |
| 73. Inflorescence axes and involucres glabrous; Great Basin Floristic Province, Sierra Nevada (eastern slope) |
| var. elatum |
| 73' Inflorescence axes and involucres hairy; n California Floristic Province, Modoc Plateau |
| var. villosum |
| 72' Leaf spreading, blade 20100 mm, ± ovate to reniform |
| |
| 74. Inflorescence axes generally tomentose; North Coast, Central Coast |
| E. latifolium |
| 74' Inflorescence axes generally glabrous (if tomentose, not coastal) |
| |
| 75. Involucre < 1.5 mm; perianth densely white-hairy; Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert (sometimes annual; see also Group 2) |
| E. inflatum |
| 76. Inflorescence slender; uncommon; s Desert |
| var. deflatum |
| 76' Inflorescence main axes wider below major nodes; common; Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert |
| var. inflatum |
| 75' Involucre 27 mm; perianth (sub)glabrous; California |
| |
| 77. Involucre 57 mm; Channel Islands |
| E. grande |
| 78. Perianth pink to red; involucre 57 mm; plant 1550 cm n Channel Islands |
| var. rubescens |
| 78' Perianth white; involucre 46 mm; plant 10220 cm |
| |
| 79. Plant 50220 cm; involucre 56 mm; Channel Islands |
| var. grande |
| 79' Plant 1025 cm; involucre 45 mm; s Channel Islands |
| var. timorum |
| 77' Involucre 25 mm; mainland |
| E. nudum |
| 80. Inflorescence and involucre tomentose |
| |
| 81. Involucre 1(2) per node, 46 mm; perianth glabrous, 34 mm; San Francisco Bay Area |
| var. decurrens |
| 81' Involucres 36 per node, 35 mm; perianth hairy, 1.54 mm; widespread |
| |
| 82. Perianth white, rose, or yellow, hairy; inflorescence spreading; leaves generally 1040 mm; Northwestern California, Cascade Range, s Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau |
| var. oblongifolium |
| 82' Perianth white, densely hairy; inflorescence erect; leaves generally 3055 mm; s Sierra Nevada Foothills |
| var. regirivum |
| 80' Inflorescence (and generally involucre) glabrous |
| |
| 83. Some leaves ± cauline, margin ± strongly curled |
| |
| 84. Leaf densely woolly below, gray-tomentose above; involucres 510 per cluster s Sierra Nevada Foothills |
| var. murinum |
| 84' Leaf tomentose below, ± glabrous above; involucres 15 per cluster |
| |
| 85. Inflorescence slender; perianth white to pink; Northwestern California, Central Western California, common |
| var. auriculatum |
| 85' Inflorescence main axes inflated; perianth pale yellow; Inner South Coast Ranges, uncommon |
| var. indictum |
| 83' Leaves basal, margins generally nearly flat |
| |
| 86. Involucre generally 1(2) per cluster perianth white; Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges |
| var. pauciflorum |
| 86' Involucres (1)210 per cluster |
| |
| 87. Perianth hairy, yellow or white |
| |
| 88. Perianth white; leaf becoming ± glabrous above; n California Floristic Province, Sierra Nevada |
| var. pubiflorum |
| 88' Perianth bright yellow; leaf ± tomentose above; s California Floristic Province, Mojave Desert |
| var. westonii |
| 87' Perianth generally subglabrous, white |
| |
| 89. Inflorescence generally a head of 36 involucres c&s High Sierra Nevada, 30003800 m |
| var. scapigerum |
| 89' Inflorescence fewmany-branched; involucres 110 per cluster |
| |
| 90. Inflorescence few-branched, involucres ± 510 per cluster n North Coast |
| var. paralinum |
| 90' Inflorescence many-branched, open, involucres 16 per cluster |
| |
| 91. Leaf generally 1020 mm; involucres 13 per cluster; Sierra Nevada, 10003200 m |
| var. deductum |
| 91' Leaf generally 2050 mm; involucres 25 per cluster; n California Floristic Province, < 2300 m |
| var. nudum
|