| 1. Heads discoid or disciform; pistillate flowers 0 or << involucre |
| |
| 2. Pistillate flowers present, corollas inconspicuous |
| |
| 3. Heads 2many; stems generally branched near mid-stem or below |
| |
| 4. Perennial pappus bristles 1217 |
| E. aphanactis var. aphanactis |
| |
| E. calvus |
| 5' Pappus bristles 69(12) |
| 3 E. divergens |
| 3' Heads solitary; stems unbranched |
| |
| 6. Annual or biennial; pappus bristles 69(12) |
| 3 E. divergens |
| 6' Perennial; pappus bristles 1225 |
| |
| 7. Leaves 23-ternately dissected |
| 2 E. compositus |
| |
| 8. Stems minutely glandular; disk corollas generally much wider upward; fruit base ringed whitish; outer pappus of narrow scales or obvious bristles |
| E. aphanactis var. congestus |
| 8' Stems glandless; disk corollas narrowly funnel-shaped; fruit base ringed yellowish; outer pappus of minute bristles |
| E. austiniae |
| |
| 9. Basal leaves present at flowering; cauline leaves much reduced or 0 upward |
| |
| E. lassenianus var. deficiens |
| |
| 11. Stems ascending, 1540 cm, sometimes spreading-hairy; caudex branches slender, rhizome-like; basal leaves oblanceolate to spoon-shaped |
| E. supplex |
| 11' Stems erect, 515 cm, sometimes strigose; caudex branches stout; basal leaves ± linear |
| E. bloomeri |
| 12. Herbage and phyllaries strigose |
| var. bloomeri |
| 12' Herbage and phyllaries ± glabrous |
| var. nudatus |
| 9' Basal leaves 0 at flowering; cauline leaves generally evenly sized and spaced |
| |
| 13. Glandless stem hairs spreading |
| |
| 14. Stem hairs dense, short, stiff, slightly reflexed, grayish |
| E. inornatus var. keilii |
| 14' Stem hairs sparse to dense, long, ± crinkly-spreading, white |
| |
| 15. Stems 3090 cm, erect; leaves 2040 mm; heads 1215 mm diam |
| 2 E. biolettii |
| 15' Stems 520(30) cm, decumbent or ascending; leaves 725 mm; heads 712 mm diam |
| |
| 16. Inner phyllaries 3.55 mm |
| E. miser |
| 16' Inner phyllaries 5.57 mm |
| E. petrophilus |
| 17. Herbage ± nonglandular; hairs stiff, straight or curved |
| var. viscidulus |
| 17' Herbage densely glandular; nonglandular hairs generally loose, often crinkly |
| |
| 18. Phyllaries distinctly expanded and purplish near tip |
| var. petrophilus |
| 18' Phyllary tips like lower portions |
| var. sierrensis |
| 13' Glandless stem hairs 0-sparse, appressed |
| |
| E. inornatus |
| 20. Stems 1020 cm, decumbent to ascending; hairs below middle spreading to reflexed; lower and middle leaf blades and margins stiffly spreading-hairy; inner phyllaries 56.5 mm |
| var. calidipetris |
| 20' Stems 3090 cm, ascending; hairs below middle appressed; lower and middle leaf blades and margins generally short-strigose; inner phyllaries 4.55.5 mm |
| var. inornatus |
| 19' Phyllaries glandular (sometimes sparsely nonglandular) |
| |
| 21. Herbage glandular; leaves narrowly oblanceolate |
| 2 E. biolettii |
| 21' Herbage nonglandular; leaves linear to oblanceolate |
| |
| 22. Leaves ± oblanceolate; stems long-ascending from woody taproot |
| E. inornatus var. inornatus |
| 22' Leaves linear; stems from caudex or thin, rhizome-like branches |
| |
| 23. Stems 3090 cm, many, from woody caudex |
| E. angustatus |
| 23' Stems 820(30) cm, arising singly from slender, rhizome-like caudex branches |
| E. reductus |
| 24. Phyllary tips generally purplish (variable n Central Coast); pappus bristles (38)4661 |
| var. angustatus |
| 24' Phyllary tips greenish; pappus bristles 2030 |
| var. reductus |
| 1' Heads radiate; pistillate flowers with obvious ligules |
| |
| 25. Annual from shallow fibrous roots; ray pappus 0 |
| |
| 26. Stem hairs spreading; leaves generally coarsely toothed |
| E. annuus |
| 26' Stem hairs appressed; leaves generally entire |
| E. strigosus |
| 25' Perennial from woody taproot, branched caudex, or rhizome; ray pappus present |
| |
| 27. Leaves 14-ternately dissected |
| |
| 28. Leaves 24-ternately dissected; ligules < 1 mm wide; caudex branches thick, ascending |
| 2 E. compositus |
| 28' Leaves deeply 3-lobed at tip; ligules 12 mm wide; caudex branches thin, rhizome-like |
| E. vagus |
| 27' Leaves entire to shallowly toothed |
| |
| 29. Leaf bases hardened, white-shiny, expanded, enclosing lower stem |
| |
| 30. Caudex branches thick, leaf bases persistent; ligules yellow |
| E. linearis |
| 30' Caudex branches slender, rhizome-like, leaf bases not persistent; ligules white to blue |
| |
| 31. Heads 1318 mm diam; basal leaves generally 25 mm wide; pappus bristles 2540; phyllary hairs spreading; > 2100 m |
| E. barbellulatus |
| 31' Heads 611 mm diam; basal leaves generally 0.51 mm wide; pappus bristles 2030; phyllary hairs appressed; 10002100 m |
| E. elegantulus |
| 29' Leaf bases ± thin, not hardened, barely or not expanded |
| |
| 32. Fruit ribs 48; herbage generally ± silvery, hairs dense, appressed |
| |
| 33. Fruit ribs 68; basal leaves tufted, persistent |
| E. argentatus |
| 33' Fruit ribs 4(6); basal leaves generally 0 at flowering |
| |
| 34. Outer pappus of narrow, conspicuous scales; stems silvery-white |
| E. parishii |
| 34' Outer pappus inconspicuous; stems gray-green, hairs ± sparse |
| E. utahensis |
| 32' Fruit ribs generally 2 (if more, herbage not silvery) |
| |
| 35. Phyllaries strongly graded; leaves entire, not clasping, basal 0, cauline generally evenly sized and spaced; inflorescences arising near stem tips (sect. Pycnophyllum) |
| |
| 36. Stems minutely glandular |
| E. aequifolius |
| |
| 37. Stem hairs dense, crinkly; fruit glabrous |
| E. blochmaniae |
| 37' Stems hairs 0 to dense, straight, stiffly spreading to ± reflexed or appressed; fruit sparsely strigose |
| |
| 38. Stem hairs dense, stiffly spreading, generally slightly reflexed |
| E. breweri |
| 39. Phyllaries densely glandular, glandless hairs 0 or very sparse |
| |
| 40. Stems 715 cm, prostrate to decumbent; leaves 512 mm |
| var. jacinteus |
| 40' Stems generally > 20 cm, ascending to erect; leaves generally > 15 mm |
| |
| 41. Herbage hairs 0.10.3 mm; inner phyllary tips green; stems from rhizome-like bases |
| var. breweri |
| 41' Herbage hairs 0.51 mm; inner phyllary tips widely, white-thick-margined; stems from woody basal offsets and roots |
| var. klamathensis |
| 39' Phyllaries not or barely glandular, glandless hairs prominent |
| |
| 42. Stems 2030 cm, wiry, brittle; phyllary hairs long, thick-based, stiffly spreading, translucent (also some glandular) |
| var. porphyreticus |
| 42' Stems (30)4075 cm, not wiry or brittle; phyllary hairs short, white, ± appressed, glandless |
| |
| 43. Phyllary hairs thin-based, ± appressed, slightly less dense on inner phyllaries |
| var. bisanctus |
| 43' Phyllary hairs thick-based, ascending, much less dense on middle and inner phyllaries |
| var. covillei |
| 38' Stem hairs ± 0 or sparse, appressed |
| |
| 44. Stems prostrate to decumbent, from slender rhizomes |
| E. elmeri |
| 44' Stems ascending to erect, from woody taproot |
| |
| 45. Ray flowers 913; ciliate hairs thin-based; phyllaries minutely nonglandular, densely sessile-glandular |
| E. serpentinus |
| 45' Ray flowers 1550; ciliate hairs thick-based; phyllaries glandular or nonglandular |
| |
| 46. Phyllaries ± nonglandular, 0.50.8 mm wide, margins generally thick or narrowly scarious |
| |
| 47. Leaves 24(5) cm, oriented variously; inner phyllaries 3.24.5 mm |
| E. foliosus var. foliosus |
| 47' Leaves (3)46 cm, often ± oriented to 1 side of stem; inner phyllaries (4)56 mm |
| |
| 48. Stems 3085 cm; axillary leaf-tufts 0; leaves 3580 mm, 12(4) mm wide; inner phyllaries not strongly scarious; ray flowers 2650 |
| E. foliosus var. hartwegii |
| 48' Stems 1520 cm; axillary leaf-tufts present; leaves 2545 mm, (2)58 mm wide; inner phyllary margins strongly scarious; ray flowers 1822 |
| E. mariposanus |
| 46' Phyllaries minutely but prominently glandular, 0.81 mm wide, margins generally widely scarious -> part of E. foliosus |
| 49. Phyllary hairs all glandular; leaves generally 12 mm wide |
| var. confinis |
| 49' Phyllary hairs ± dense, glandless; leaves generally 24 mm wide |
| |
| 50. Leaf blades ± strigose; phyllary midvein raised, orange-resinous; ray corollas 710 mm |
| var. franciscensis |
| 50' Leaf blades ± glabrous (ciliate); phyllary midvein generally not raised or orange-resinous; ray corollas 1015 mm |
| var. mendocinus |
| 35' Phyllaries generally ± equal; leaves entire to lobed, sometimes clasping, basal sometimes present, cauline often strongly reduced upwards; inflorescences arising near mid-stem |
| |
| 51. Cauline leaves ± clasping; plants fibrous-rooted, generally from obvious lateral rhizomes |
| |
| 52. Glandless phyllary hairs with black cross-walls |
| E. coulteri |
| 52' Glandless phyllary hairs with clear cross-walls |
| |
| 53. Biennial or short-lived perennial herb, generally not rhizomed; ray flowers 150400 |
| E. philadelphicus |
| 53' Perennial; ray flowers 30165 |
| |
| 54. Leaves thick, fleshy, entire or toothed; coastal habitats |
| E. glaucus |
| 54' Leaves ± thin, entire; inland habitats |
| |
| 55. Phyllary hairs dense, all glandular |
| |
| 56. Stems glabrous; ray flowers 2030(45) |
| E. cervinus |
| 56' Stems ± appressed-hairy; ray flowers 30105 |
| E. peregrinus |
| var. callianthemus |
| 57' Herbage spreading-hairy |
| var. hirsutus |
| 55' Phyllary hairs prominent, glandless (sometimes also glandular) |
| |
| 58. Stems from thin, often stolon-like caudex branches with few fibrous roots |
| E. sanctarum |
| 58' Stems from short, thick, strongly fibrous-rooted rhizomes |
| |
| 59. Stems 220(30) cm, hairs spreading; phyllaries blackish purple; pappus bristles 1216(20) |
| 2 E. algidus |
| 59' Stems 30100 cm, hairs appressed; phyllaries greenish; pappus bristles 2030 |
| E. aliceae |
| 51' Cauline leaves not at all clasping; plants taprooted |
| |
| 60. Stems spreading-hairy |
| |
| 61. Annual from slender taproot; caudex generally simple; stems branched; heads many |
| |
| 62. Stems and phyllaries densely, evenly puberulent, hairs < 0.5 mm |
| E. divergens |
| 62' Stems and phyllaries glandular-puberulent, also sparsely spreading-hairy (hairs 0.52 mm) |
| E. lobatus |
| 61' Perennial from rhizome or stout taproot and branched caudex; stems generally unbranched; head 1 |
| |
| 63. Leaf blades clearly petioled |
| |
| 64. Basal leaves 2070 mm; cauline leaves much reduced; stems 430 cm; phyllaries blackish-purple; ray flowers (30)50125, ligules 713 mm |
| 2 E. algidus |
| 64' Basal leaves 525 mm; cauline leaves 0; stems 14 cm; phyllaries green; ray flowers 1540, ligules 46 mm |
| E. uncialis var. uncialis |
| 63' Leaves linear or gradually tapered to base, petiole indistinct |
| |
| 65. Margins of lower leaves generally hairy but not stiffly spreading-ciliate; > 2200 m |
| |
| 66. Basal leaves 2080 mm; stems ± nonglandular; phyllaries green; ray flowers 2555, ligules 611 mm |
| E. clokeyi |
| 66' Basal leaves 635 mm; stems densely glandular; phyllaries blackish purple; ray flowers 2037, ligules 47(10) mm |
| E. pygmaeus |
| 65' Margins of lower leaves stiffly long-spreading-ciliate; 12001800 m |
| |
| 67. Disk corollas (sub)glabrous; pappus bristles 1222; outer pappus of bristles or narrow scales; ray flowers (40)55115, ligules 812 mm |
| E. pumilus var. intermedius |
| 67' Disk corollas sharply scabrous; pappus bristles 515; outer pappus of wide scales; rays 4060, ligules 79 mm |
| E. concinnus |
| 68. Stems leafy; heads many |
| var. concinnus |
| 68' Stems ± leafless; head 1 |
| var. condensatus |
| 60' Stems glabrous or appressed-hairy |
| |
| 69. Ray flowers 75125; disk corolla throats wide |
| E. multiceps |
| 69' Ray flowers 1480; disk corollas cylindric, throat ± 0 |
| |
| 70. Leaves few-toothed near tip, basal 0, only upper cauline reduced; axillary leaf-tufts present; ray flowers 4580 |
| E. karvinskianus |
| 70' Leaves entire, basal generally persistent, cauline reduced; axillary leaf-tufts 0; ray flowers 1445 |
| |
| |
| 72. Stems 28 cm, leafless; stem hairs straight, appressed; basal leaves generally 13 cm; fruit ribs densely ciliate, faces glabrous |
| E. compactus |
| 72' Stems 1530 cm, leafy below; stem hairs curved up, ± loose; basal leaves generally 27 cm; fruit ribs and faces sparsely hairy |
| E. filifolius var. filifolius |
| 71' Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate to spoon-shaped |
| |
| 73. Plants cespitose; caudex stout, branched; basal leaves spoon-shaped, petioled; cauline leaves abruptly reduced |
| E. tener |
| 73' Plants not cespitose, caudex generally slender; basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, petiole indistinct; cauline leaves gradually reduced |
| |
| 74. Leaves generally 1-veined |
| E. lassenianus var. lassenianus |
| 74' Leaves generally 3-veined |
| |
| 75. Stems 2555 cm; heads (1)24; basal leaves generally 0 at flowering |
| E. decumbens var. robustior |
| 75' Stems 415(30) cm; heads 12(7); basal leaves persistent at flowering |
| E. eatonii |
| 76. Heads (14)1723 mm diam; longest phyllaries 711 mm; disk corollas 4.46.8 mm |
| var. nevadincola |
| 76' Heads 816 mm diam; longest phyllaries 58 mm; disk corollas 35 mm |
| |
| 77. Stems 1023 cm; disk corollas 34 mm; pappus bristles 1620, 33.5 mm |
| var. plantagineus |
| 77' Stems 412(21) cm; disk corollas 3.55 mm; pappus bristles 1830, 3.55 mm |
| var. sonnei
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