| 1. Stem corm-like, below surface, simple; leaves vernal, base generally < 1 cm wide petals, follicles generally spreading (subg. Hasseanthus) |
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| 2. Flower odorless; petals yellow; follicles spreading |
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| 3. Leaf linear, slightly narrowed above base, sharply acute at tip, 415 cm, base > 4 mm wide; petals fused 12 mm |
| D. multicaulis |
| 3' Leaf oblanceolate to spoon-shaped, strongly narrowed above base, acute to obtuse at tip, 17 cm, base generally < 3 mm wide; petals fused 0.51 mm |
| D. variegata |
| 2' Flower odor musky-sweet; petals white; follicles ascending to spreading |
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| 4. Petals erect to ascending, 714 mm, 3.55.5 mm wide, fused 12 mm; follicles ascending; leaf base 412 mm wide |
| D. nesiotica |
| 4' Petals spreading, 510 mm, 24 mm wide, fused generally < 1 mm; follicles spreading; leaf base 14 mm wide |
| D. blochmaniae |
| 5. Caudex oblong, 48 × longer than wide; lower bracts < 1.5 × longer than wide; leaf 715 mm, spoon-shaped |
| subsp. brevifolia |
| 5' Caudex spheric to fusiform, generally < 3 × longer than wide; lower bracts > 2 × longer than wide; leaf 10 60 mm, ± oblanceolate |
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| 6. Leaves generally < 12 per rosette; peduncle > 4 cm; mainland |
| subsp. blochmaniae |
| 6' Leaves > 15 per rosette; peduncle 37 cm; n Channel Islands |
| subsp. insularis |
| 1' Stem a caudex, above surface, often elongate, often branched; leaves generally evergreen, base generally 15 cm wide |
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| 7. Petals erect below, variously spreading from near middle; follicles ascending to spreading (subg. Stylophyllum) |
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| 8. Leaf ± round in X-section, except at base |
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| 9. Inflorescence 1° branches generally 23, simple; caudex generally < 1 cm wide; follicles 3045° < erect, slightly swollen near base |
| D. attenuata subsp. orcuttii |
| 9' Inflorescence 1° branches 3several, forked 12 ×; caudex generally > 1 cm wide; follicles 4580° < erect, strongly swollen near base |
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| 10. Leaf covered with mealy powder; styles 23 mm; pedicel > 2 mm; San Gabriel Mountains |
| D. densiflora |
| 10' Leaf not covered with mealy powder; styles 12 mm; pedicel < 2 mm; South Coast, Peninsular Ranges |
| D. edulis |
| 8' Leaf ± flat to ± elliptic in X-section |
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| 11. Leaf sticky, appearing oily, odor resinous |
| D. viscida |
| 11' Leaf nonsticky, not appearing oily, odorless |
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| 12. Petals bright yellow, tips erect or outcurved; leaf 46 ± wider than thick |
| D. traskiae |
| 12' Petals white to reddish, tips ascending to spreading; leaf 25 ± wider than thick |
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| 13. Leaves 1530 per rosette, 310 cm, 515 mm wide, ± covered with mealy powder; peduncle 13 dm |
| D. hassei |
| 13' Leaves 2045 per rosette, 820 cm, 1530 mm wide, green or glaucous; peduncle 26 dm |
| D. virens |
| 7' Petals erect below, slightly spreading at tips; follicles generally erect (subg. Dudleya) |
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| 14. Petals fused ± 1/2 length; pedicel in fruit often sharply bent |
| D. pulverulenta |
| 15. Caudex 49 cm wide; leaves 4060 per rosette, generally 825 cm; pedicel 530(35) mm |
| subsp. pulverulenta |
| 15' Caudex 14 cm wide; leaves 1525 per rosette, generally 515 cm; pedicel 515(20) mm |
| subsp. arizonica |
| 14' Petals fused < 1/3 length; pedicel in fruit not sharply bent |
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| 16. Plant branched by stolons; follicles ascending; South Coast (Orange Co.) |
| D. stolonifera |
| 16' Plant unbranched or branched by forked caudex; follicles ± erect |
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| 17. Rosettes 15 dm wide, generally 1 per plant; leaves generally 2045 per rosette; n Channel Islands |
| D. candelabrum |
| 17' Rosettes generally < 1.5 dm wide, 1many per plant; leaves < 30 per rosette; generally mainland |
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| 18. Caudex generally 0.510 cm, erect to prostrate, generally many-branched; leaf 28 mm thick |
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| 19. Leaf ± 2 × longer than wide, oblong-ovate, 2.56 cm; petal margins generally not touching |
| D. farinosa |
| 19' Leaf generally > 2 × longer than wide, not oblong-ovate, 220 cm; petal margins generally touching |
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| 20. Petals pale yellow or whitish, purple-tinged near tip or not, 813 mm |
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| 21. Caudex < 2 cm wide; leaf < 10 mm wide; Outer South Coast Ranges (San Luis Obispo Co.) |
| 2 D. abramsii subsp. bettinae |
| 21' Caudex 25 cm wide; leaf > 10 mm wide; Channel Islands |
| D. greenei |
| 20' Petals lemon-yellow or bright yellow to yellow with red, 816 mm |
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| 22. Rosette generally < 5 cm wide; peduncle 0.51.5 dm; petals lemon-yellow, tips spreading |
| D. verityi |
| 22' Rosette 520 cm wide; peduncle 1.56.5 dm; petals yellow to yellow with red, tips erect |
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| 23. Petals yellow; leaf 1020 mm wide; inflorescence terminal branches 315 cm |
| D. caespitosa |
| 23' Petals yellow with red; leaf 1550 mm wide; inflorescence terminal branches 58 cm |
| D. palmeri |
| 18' Caudex generally < 5 cm, erect, simple to many-branched; leaf 16 mm thick |
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| 24. Pedicel generally 0.57 mm |
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| 25. Petals bright yellow to red, keels similarly colored, margins entire |
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| 26. Peduncle 515(20) cm; leaf (1)28 cm, < 8 mm wide; s High Sierra Nevada (Tulare Co.) |
| 2 D. cymosa subsp. costafolia |
| 26' Peduncle 1575 cm; leaf 530 cm, 1040 mm wide; South Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, Desert Mountains |
| 2 D. lanceolata |
| 25' Petals pale yellow, keel often reddish, margin often jagged |
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| 27. Inflorescence 1° branches 24, generally spreading, branched 03 ×; pedicel 212 mm; petals darker yellow to red-tinged on keel; Sierra Nevada |
| 2 D. calcicola |
| 27' Inflorescence 1° branches 0 or 23, ascending, generally simple; pedicel generally < 5 mm; petals often with fine, purple to red lines on keel; Central Western California, Southwestern California |
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| 28. Lower bracts 1040 mm; peduncle 525 cm, 26 mm wide; serpentine; San Francisco Bay Area, Outer South Coast Ranges (San Luis Obispo Co. n) |
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| 29. Petals not purple-tinged, without red lines; plant not exuding purple dye when crushed; San Francisco Bay Area (Santa Clara Co.) |
| D. setchellii |
| 29' Petals purple-tinged or red-lined; plant exuding purple dye when crushed; Outer South Coast Ranges (San Luis Obispo Co.) |
| D. abramsii |
| 30. Rosettes generally > 10 per plant; leaf < 7 mm wide, ± cylindric; inflorescence 1° branches generally < 4; petals often purple-tinged near tips, with few purple flecks |
| subsp. bettinae |
| 30' Rosettes < 10 per plant; leaf > 7 mm wide, upper side ± flat; inflorescence 1° branches generally > 4; petals with purple keel, purple flecks throughout |
| subsp. murina |
| 28' Lower bracts generally 415 mm; peduncle 218 cm, 13 mm wide; nonserpentine; Southwestern California |
| D. abramsii |
| 31. Leaves vernal; roots narrowed at irregular intervals; petals fused 12 mm |
| subsp. parva |
| 31' Leaves generally evergreen; roots generally not narrowed at intervals; petals fused 1.54.5 mm |
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| 32. Leaf oblong to oblong-lanceolate or tapered base to tip; caudex fewmany-branched; petals fused 24.5 mm |
| subsp. abramsii |
| 32' Leaf elliptic to oblanceolate; caudex generally simple; petals fused 1.52.5 mm |
| subsp. affinis |
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| 33. Leaf lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate to oblong-triangular, tip acute to subacuminate; terminal inflorescence branches generally 312 cm |
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| 34. Leaf 530 cm, 14 cm wide; peduncle 1.57.5 dm; petals fused 12 mm |
| 2 D. lanceolata |
| 34' Leaf 115 cm, 0.32.5 cm wide; peduncle 0.33.5(4) dm; petals fused 14 mm |
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| 35. Petals greenish yellow to bright yellow, often red-tinged; pedicel 520 mm |
| D. saxosa |
| 36. Caudex 11.5 cm wide; leaf 39 cm; peduncle 0.52 dm; petals generally red-tinged |
| subsp. saxosa |
| 36' Caudex 13 cm wide; leaf 415 cm; peduncle 13.5 dm; petals rarely red-tinged |
| subsp. aloides |
| 35' Petals pale yellow; pedicel 214 mm |
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| 37. Inflorescence 1° branches 24, generally spreading, branched 03 ×; plant glaucous; petals sometimes red-tinged on keel |
| 2 D. calcicola |
| 37' Inflorescence 1° branches 23, ascending, generally simple; plant ± glaucous; petals not red-tinged on keel |
| D. setchellii |
| 33' Leaf elliptic to oblanceolate to spoon-shaped (rarely linear), tip acute, or acuminate to abruptly sharp; terminal inflorescence branches 15(17) cm |
| D. cymosa |
| 38. Leaves vernal, 1.54 cm, 512 mm wide; caudex 210 mm wide; peduncle < 1 dm |
| subsp. marcescens |
| 38' Leaves evergreen, 217 cm, generally 1060 mm wide; caudex generally > 10 mm wide; peduncle 0.54.5 dm |
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| 39. Peduncle generally 14.5 dm; leaf 317 cm |
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| 40. Peduncle bracts 2050; leaf elliptic to spoon-shaped; San Gabriel Mountains |
| subsp. crebrifolia |
| 40' Peduncle bracts < 20; leaf not elliptic, rarely spoon-shaped; Northwestern California, Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, Central Western California |
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| 41. Petals bright yellow to red; leaf 16 cm wide |
| subsp. cymosa |
| 41' Petals pale yellow; leaf 0.52 cm wide |
| subsp. paniculata |
| 39' Peduncle generally < 1.5 dm; leaf generally < 7 cm |
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| 42. Leaf linear to linear-oblanceolate, < 8 mm wide; rosettes 540 per plant; High Sierra Nevada |
| subsp. costafolia |
| 42' Leaf spoon-shaped to oblanceolate to ovate, > 10 mm wide; rosettes < 10 per plant; Central Western California, Southwestern California |
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| 43. Leaves oblong to elliptic to ovate, acute to acuminate at tip, generally 610 per rosette; petals bright yellow |
| subsp. ovatifolia |
| 43' Leaves diamond-shaped-oblanceolate to spoon-shaped, generally short-acuminate to abruptly sharp at tip, generally 1025 per rosette; petals bright yellow to red |
| subsp. pumila
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