| 1. Sepals 12 mm, 23 mm in fruit; inflorescence generally open in fruit, flowers pedicelled to subsessile; basal leaves not persistent, not green in fruit; woody caudex 0 |
| |
| 2. Inflorescence dense in fruit; flowers subsessile, ascending to erect in fruit; nutlets generally equal |
| 4 C. holoptera |
| 2' Inflorescence open in fruit; flowers pedicelled, spreading in fruit; nutlets generally of 2 kinds, 1 > other 23 |
| 3 C. racemosa |
| 1' Sepals 210 mm, 3.515 mm in fruit; inflorescence ± dense in fruit, flowers subsessile; basal leaves persistent, generally green in fruit; caudex present, generally woody (not so in C. virginensis) |
| |
| |
| 4. Corolla and appendages yellow; nutlet back smooth, groove closed, groove edges ± overlapping |
| C. confertiflora |
| 4' Corolla white, appendages light yellow; nutlet back rough, groove open, narrowed near middle, groove edges elevated |
| C. flavoculata |
| 3' Corolla tube = or < sepals |
| |
| 5. Stems prostrate to ascending; nutlet back clearly curved, surface smooth; groove closed, edges generally overlapping |
| C. cinerea var. abortiva |
| 5' Stems ± erect (generally cespitose in C. humilis); nutlet back straight, surface smooth or rough; groove closed or open, edges not overlapping |
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| 6. Stems 12 cm, < or = basal leaves; basal leaves generally < 1 cm |
| C. roosiorum |
| 6' Stems > 2 cm, > basal leaves; basal leaves generally >> 1 cm |
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| 7. Nutlet 56 mm; sepals in fruit 915 mm volcanic soils, c High Sierra Nevada |
| C. crymophila |
| 7' Nutlet < 5 mm; sepals in fruit 411 mm |
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| 8. Nutlet lanceolate to narrowly ovate, inner surface (between groove and margin) generally smooth, shiny |
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| 9. Corolla tube 23 mm; nutlet 23 mm; east slope c&s High Sierra Nevada, White and Inyo Mountains, n Desert Mountains |
| C. nubigena |
| 9' Corolla tube 34 mm; nutlet 34 mm; Klamath Ranges, High Cascade Range, Modoc Plateau, ne East of Sierra Nevada (Sweetwater Mtns) |
| C. sobolifera |
| 8' Nutlet ovate, inner surface generally rough or wrinkled |
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| 10. Biennial or short-lived perennial herb; caudex not woody |
| 3 C. virginensis |
| 10' Long-lived perennial herb; caudex woody |
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| 11. Edge of nutlet groove not elevated; Great Basin Floristic Province |
| C. humilis |
| 11' Edge of nutlet groove elevated; Desert Mountains |
| C. tumulosa
|
| 1. Basal leaves tufted, some green and persistent in fruit; stem hairs soft-downy under densely spreading bristles |
| 3 C. virginensis |
| 1' Basal leaves not tufted, generally withered in fruit; stem hairs strigose, rough-hairy, or bristly, not soft-downy |
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| 2. Nutlet back granular, tubercled, or papillate, shiny or dull, not smooth |
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| 3. Sepals 26 mm, 410 mm in fruit |
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| 4. Sepals densely white-silky-hairy, hairs appressed to ascending; nutlet back generally fine-granular to papillate, tip ± beaked; groove raised n Cascade Range Foothills (Shasta, Tehama cos.) |
| C. crinita |
| 4' Sepals strigose to ascending-rough-hairy and spreading-bristly; nutlet back granular to tubercled, tip not beaked; groove not raised |
| |
| 5. Sepals 46 mm, 510 mm in fruit; corolla limb generally < 3 mm wide; appendages white to light yellow |
| C. barbigera |
| 5' Sepals 23 mm, 3.55 mm in fruit; corolla limb 36 mm wide; appendages generally bright yellow |
| 2 C. intermedia |
| 3' Sepals 1.52.5 mm, 24 mm in fruit |
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| 6. Flower spreading to recurved in fruit; sepal tips recurved in fruit; nutlet curved |
| C. recurvata |
| 6' Flower ascending to ± erect in fruit; sepal tips ± straight, erect in fruit; nutlet ± straight |
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| 7. Inflorescence with some bracts leaf-like, = or > flower; nutlets generally 2, 1 nutlet tubercled, other smooth or shiny |
| 2 C. maritima |
| 7' Inflorescence bracts 0 or << flower; nutlet generally 1 |
| |
| 8. Sepals ovate to elliptic in fruit; nutlet margin sharp-angled to narrowly winged near tip; throat appendages generally bright yellow; style generally = nutlet |
| C. utahensis |
| 8' Sepals lanceolate to linear-oblong in fruit; nutlet margin rounded; throat appendages white to light yellow; style < nutlet |
| |
| 9. Nutlet axis ± parallel to sepals; nutlet groove expanded at base into narrow, ± flat triangle with bottom side curved inward |
| C. decipiens |
| 9' Nutlet axis ± perpendicular to sepals; nutlet groove expanded at base into wide, excavated triangle with 3 straight sides |
| C. excavata |
| 2' Nutlet back smooth throughout, shiny |
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| 10. Sepal hairs curved to ± hooked |
| C. flaccida |
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| 11. Sepals generally soft-hairy, not bristly, hairs appressed to stiffly ascending Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert |
| C. gracilis |
| 11' Sepals strigose and bristly, bristles reflexed, spreading, or ascending |
| |
| 12. Sepals 610 mm in fruit; longest sepal bristles 34 mm in fruit w Sonoran Desert (Borrego Valley) |
| C. ganderi |
| 12' Sepals 16 mm in fruit; longest sepal bristles < 3 mm in fruit |
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| 13. Nutlet groove clearly off-center (nearer one margin than center), closed (edges overlapping), abruptly flared open at base; inflorescences axillary and terminal, ± spheric in flower |
| C. glomeriflora |
| 13' Nutlet groove ± central, open to closed, generally forked at base; inflorescence terminal, generally elongate in flower |
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| 14. Sepals generally 36 mm in fruit |
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| 15. Sepal tips with bristles reflexed |
| 2 C. nemaclada |
| 15' Sepal tips with bristles mostly spreading or ascending |
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| 16. Sepals strigose and clearly bristly, bristles spreading to reflexed; nutlet groove flat (edges not sharp-angled); stem hairs ± soft, ascending to spreading |
| 3 C. clevelandii |
| 16' Sepals strigose and rough-hairy, hairs generally ascending; nutlet groove raised, edges sharp-angled; stem strigose to spreading-rough-hairy |
| 2 C. milobakeri |
| 14' Sepals generally 13 mm in fruit |
| |
| 17. Sepals 12 mm in fruit |
| C. microstachys |
| 17' Sepals 23 mm in fruit |
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| 18. Inflorescence with evident bracts, some leaf-like, = or > flower |
| 2 C. maritima |
| 18' Inflorescence bracts 0 |
| |
| 19. Nutlet tip beaked; serpentine soils |
| C. hispidula |
| 19' Nutlet tip acute; nonserpentine soils |
| 2 C. milobakeri
|
| 1.Plants generally wider than tall, rounded to cushion-like branches many, dense, spreading to ascending |
| |
| 2. Calyx circumscissile below middle in fruit, limb and upper tube falling as 1 unit, lower part of tube scarious, persistent, cup-like in fruit |
| C. circumscissa |
| 2' Calyx intact in fruit, not circumscissile |
| 2 C. micrantha |
| 1' Plants generally taller than wide, not rounded or cushion-like |
| |
| 3. Basal leaves tufted, some green, persistent in fruit; stem hairs soft-downy under densely spreading bristles |
| 3 C. virginensis |
| 3' Basal leaves not tufted, generally withered in fruit; stem hairs strigose, rough-hairy, or bristly, not soft-downy |
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| 4. Nutlet margin clearly sharp-angled (in part or throughout; acute in X-section) or winged |
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| 5. Nutlet back smooth or minutely rippled to weakly tubercled, shiny |
| |
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| 7. Corolla limb 35 mm wide |
| 2 C. mohavensis |
| 7' Corolla limb 12 mm wide |
| 2 C. watsonii |
| 6' Nutlet back minutely rippled to weakly tubercled |
| |
| 8. Nutlets generally of 2 kinds, 1 generally > other 23 |
| 3 C. racemosa |
| 8' Nutlets generally equal |
| |
| 9. Nutlet inner surface smooth, flat; groove edges not elevated |
| C. costata |
| 9' Nutlet inner surface weakly tubercled, not flat; groove edges generally elevated |
| 4 C. holoptera |
| 5' Nutlet back clearly tubercled to granular, dull or shiny |
| |
| 10. Nutlet margin sharp-angled, not clearly winged (except sometimes at tip in C. racemosa) |
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| 11. Nutlets generally equal; inflorescence dense in fruit; flowers subsessile in fruit |
| 4 C. holoptera |
| 11' Nutlets generally of 2 kinds, 1 generally > other 23; inflorescence open in fruit; flowers pedicelled in fruit |
| 3 C. racemosa |
| 10' Nutlet margin clearly winged (1 nutlet generally not winged in C. pterocarya) |
| |
| 12. Nutlets generally of 2 kinds, 34 winged, 1 sometimes not winged; nutlet wing generally lobed at tip, 0.51 mm wide; sepals ovate to lanceolate and 46 mm in fruit, densely strigose, bristles few or 0 |
| C. pterocarya |
| 12' Nutlets all winged; nutlet wing not lobed, < 0.5 mm wide; sepals oblong to linear and 2.54 mm in fruit, bristly to rough-hairy, hairs spreading to ascending |
| |
| 13. Corolla limb 12 mm wide; nutlet margin evenly and narrowly winged, back sparsely tubercled, groove opened widely below middle; e Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert |
| 4 C. holoptera |
| 13' Corolla limb 46 mm wide; nutlet margin narrowly winged near base, widely winged above middle, back fine-tubercled to white-granular; groove narrowly open at base; s California Floristic Province, w Mojave Desert |
| C. oxygona |
| 4' Nutlet margin generally rounded throughout, not sharp-angled or winged |
| |
| 14. Nutlets clearly of 2 kinds, 1 generally > other 23 (back surface also different from other 3 in C. micromeres) |
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| 15. Calyx ± spheric in fruit, sepals 11.5 mm in fruit; nutlets deltate to ovate, shiny, 3 sparsely tubercled, 1 smooth; s California Floristic Province |
| C. micromeres |
| 15' Calyx ± oblong to lanceolate in fruit, sepals 24 mm in fruit; nutlets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, ± dull, all white-granular; East of Sierra Nevada, Desert |
| |
| 16. Distal stem part ascending to erect, hairs appressed and spreading; inflorescence generally dense, flowers spreading to ascending in fruit |
| C. angustifolia |
| 16' Distal stem part spreading, prostrate, or sprawling over rocks, other plants, hairs appressed to ascending; inflorescence open, flowers ± appressed in fruit |
| C. dumetorum |
| 14' Nutlets generally equal, back surface similar |
| |
| 17. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, flowers ± evenly distributed along stem |
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| 18. Style > nutlet; sepals 13 mm in fruit; inflorescence clearly bracted bracts generally = sepals |
| 2 C. micrantha |
| 18' Style = or < nutlet; sepals 46 mm in fruit; inflorescence bracts 0 or sparse |
| |
| 19. Inflorescence bracts 0; nutlet densely papillate |
| 2 C. echinella |
| 19' Inflorescence bracts sparse; nutlet tubercled to sparsely papillate |
| 4 C. hooveri |
| 17' Inflorescence mostly terminal; lower flowers sometimes axillary, subtended by reduced leaves |
| |
| 20. Nutlet back smooth, shiny |
| |
| 21. Nutlet groove clearly off-center, ± curved parallel to nearest margin |
| C. affinis |
| 21' Nutlet groove central, straight |
| |
| 22. Nutlet margin ± angled (obtuse in X-section), especially near tip |
| |
| 23. Corolla limb 35 mm wide |
| 2 C. mohavensis |
| 23' Corolla limb 12 mm wide |
| 2 C. watsonii |
| 22' Nutlet margin generally rounded throughout, sometimes angled below middle |
| |
| 24. Inflorescence generally dense, most flowers touching in fruit |
| |
| 25. Style = or > nutlets; main stems generally prostrate to decumbent in fruit; flowers generally subtended by bracts |
| C. leiocarpa |
| 25' Style < nutlets (generally 2/3 nutlet length); main stem, branches ascending to erect; flower bracts generally 0 |
| |
| 26. Nutlets oblong-lanceolate, nutlet back rounded |
| 3 C. clevelandii |
| 26' Nutlets oblong-ovate, nutlet back ± flat |
| 2 C. torreyana |
| 24' Inflorescence generally open in fruit, most flowers not touching in fruit |
| |
| 27. Sepals ± 2 mm, 2.54 mm in fruit, generally rough-hairy, hairs ascending, spreading bristles generally 14 per sepal; nutlet grayish s Sierra Nevada (Tulare Co.) |
| C. incana |
| 27' Sepals 1.53 mm, 36 mm in fruit, strigose and bristly, spreading bristles > 5 per sepal; nutlet brownish or mottled |
| |
| 28. Nutlet base ± truncate, groove flared open at base, sometimes forked; serpentine soils, n&c Sierra Nevada |
| 3 C. mariposae |
| 28' Nutlet base ± rounded, groove ± closed throughout, ± forked at base |
| |
| 29. Nutlet back flat, ± triangular in X-section |
| 2 C. torreyana |
| 29' Nutlet back flat to rounded, not triangular in X-section |
| |
| 30. Sepal tip bristles spreading to ascending |
| 3 C. clevelandii |
| 30' Sepal tip bristles reflexed |
| 2 C. nemaclada |
| 20' Nutlet back papillate, granular, or tubercled, shiny or dull |
| |
| |
| 32. Nutlet back granular to tuberculate throughout; San Joaquin Valley |
| 4 C. hooveri |
| 32' Nutlet back fine-granular to smooth below middle, fine-granular to minutely tubercled above middle; s Channel Islands (San Clemente, San Nicolas islands) |
| C. traskiae |
| 31' Nutlet generally > 1.5 mm |
| |
| 33. Corolla limb 36 mm wide, appendages bright yellow (white to light yellow in C. mariposae) |
| |
| 34. Nutlet beaked, base ± truncate; corolla limb ± 3 mm wide |
| 3 C. mariposae |
| 34' Nutlet tapered (tip acute or acuminate), base ± rounded; corolla limb generally > 3 mm wide |
| |
| 2 C. intermedia |
| 2 C. muricata |
| 33' Corolla limb generally < 3 mm wide, appendages white to light yellow |
| |
| 36. Most stem hairs ascending or appressed, spreading hairs 0 or few |
| |
| 37. Nutlets lanceolate, tip tapered, back densely tubercled; sepals 610 mm in fruit |
| C. nevadensis |
| 37' Nutlets ovate to deltate, tip acuminate, back tubercled (also fine-granular in C. simulans); sepals 37 mm in fruit |
| |
| 38. Inflorescence dense in fruit, flowers generally clustered near axis tip |
| |
| 39. Nutlet back strongly tubercled; San Joaquin Valley, < 150 m |
| 4 C. hooveri |
| 39' Nutlet back sparsely low-tubercled and densely fine-granular; mtns > 650 m |
| 2 C. simulans |
| 38' Inflorescence open in fruit, flowers well spaced on axis |
| |
| 40. Nutlet back densely high-tubercled, tubercle tips translucent; style ± > nutlet; c Mojave Desert (near Barstow) |
| 2 C. clokeyi |
| 40' Nutlet back sparsely low-tubercled, densely fine-granular; style = or < nutlet; mtns > 650 m |
| 2 C. simulans |
| 36' Most stem hairs spreading, sometimes also strigose |
| |
| 41. Nutlet back densely-fine-papillate |
| 2 C. echinella |
| 41' Nutlet back tubercled (sometimes weakly so in C. ambigua, C. mariposae) |
| |
| 42. Nutlet beaked, base ± truncate, back generally brown serpentine soils, n&c Sierra Nevada |
| 3 C. mariposae |
| 42' Nutlet tapered to tip, acute, or acuminate, base ± rounded, back grayish brown to light gray |
| |
| 43. Sepals 12 mm, 24 mm in fruit |
| 2 C. muricata |
| 43' Sepals 24 mm, 47 mm in fruit |
| |
| 44. Style > nutlet; nutlet ± 3 mm; c Mojave Desert (near Barstow) |
| 2 C. clokeyi |
| 44' Style = or < nutlet; nutlet 12.5 mm; Cascade Range, n&c Sierra Nevada, San Joaquin Valley, Great Basin Floristic Province |
| |
| 45. Nutlet back weakly tubercled to sparsely papillate; Cascade Range, n&c Sierra Nevada, Great Basin Floristic Province |
| C. ambigua |
| 45' Nutlet back tubercled; San Joaquin Valley |
| 4 C. hooveri
|