| 1. Inflorescence not very reddish (generally green, white, yellow, or purplish); flower ± short (generally bee-pollinated); lower lip 3-pouched, teeth generally ± erect, white or green to lavender, upper lip << 3 × lower (subg. Colacus) |
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| 3. Calyx sinuses much deeper in front and back than on sides (sect. Pallescentes) |
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| 4. Herbage glandular; corolla 1722 mm, lower lip 57 mm, teeth yellow-green, ± triangular; stem generally simple; bract lobes ± acute |
| C. lemmonii |
| 4' Herbage hairy, nonglandular; corolla 1316 mm, lower lip 2 mm, teeth dark green, incurved; stem much-branched; bract lobes truncate or rounded |
| C. praeterita |
| 3' Calyx sinuses subequal (sect. Pilosae) |
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| 6. Plant 830 cm; leaves 2060 mm; hairs simple; Klamath Ranges, High Cascade Range, Modoc Plateau |
| C. arachnoidea |
| 6' Plant 815 cm; leaves 520 mm; hairs branched; Klamath Ranges |
| C. schizotricha |
| 5' Plant puberulent to coarsely hairy |
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| 7. Plant ashy-puberulent; bract tips generally dusty red or purplish; hairs dense, partitioned, much-branched; seed coat walls irregularly netted seed coat tight-fitting; San Bernardino Mountains |
| C. cinerea |
| 7' Plant not ashy-puberulent; bract tips generally yellow-green; hairs ± stiff, glandular and not, ± unbranched; seed coat walls with ladder-like thickenings |
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| 8. Bract lobes acuminate, green-margined; seed coat loose-fitting |
| C. nana |
| 8' Bract lobes generally rounded (acute), white-margined; seed coat tight-fitting |
| C. pilosa |
| 2' Annual (sect. Oncorhynchus) |
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| 9. Bracts green throughout |
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| 10. Leaves and bracts entire |
| C. campestris |
| 11. Leaves and bracts linear, thin, flexible; bracts < or = flowers; corolla light to bright yellow; lower anther sac 1/41/3 upper |
| subsp. campestris |
| 11' Leaves and bracts lanceolate, thick, ± brittle; bracts > flowers; corolla deep yellow to orange; lower anther sac ± 1/2 upper |
| subsp. succulenta |
| 10' Leaves entire or lobed; bracts lobed |
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| 12. Corolla beak densely white-hairy San Bernardino Mountains, n&c Peninsular Ranges |
| C. lasiorhyncha |
| 12' Corolla beak puberulent |
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| 13. Lower corolla lip pouches 24 mm wide, ± 2 mm deep; stigma well included |
| C. tenuis |
| 13' Lower corolla lip pouches 410 mm wide, 36 mm deep; stigma generally ± exserted |
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| 14. Corolla 1322 mm, pouches 48 mm wide; Cascade Range, n&c Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau |
| C. lacera |
| 14' Corolla generally 2028 mm, pouches 810 mm wide; North Coast Ranges |
| C. rubicundula |
| subsp. lithospermoides |
| 15' Corolla white, turning pinkish |
| subsp. rubicundula |
| 9' Bracts and calyx lobes tipped purplish, yellowish, or whitish |
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| 16. Corolla beak hooked, densely shaggy-hairy; filaments puberulent |
| C. exserta |
| 17. Upper bracts generally 57 mm wide, lobes < 2 mm, tipped pale lavender; inflorescence appearing alternately light- and dark-banded; North Coast, n&c Central Coast |
| subsp. latifolia |
| 17' Upper bracts < 5 mm wide, lobes > 2 mm; inflorescence not banded |
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| 18. Corolla white to yellow or rose to purple-red; widespread |
| subsp. exserta |
| 18' Corolla bright rose-red except orange-tipped lower lip; w Mojave Desert |
| subsp. venusta |
| 16' Corolla beak straight, puberulent; filaments glabrous |
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| 19. Inflorescence 1020 mm wide; corolla linear, pouches ± 2 mm wide; stigma well including |
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| 20. Bract lobes 3, tipped white or pale yellow; seed < 1 mm, coat shallowly netted |
| C. attenuata |
| 20' Bract lobes 35, tipped pink or purplish red; seed 11.5 mm, coat ± deeply netted |
| C. brevistyla |
| 19' Inflorescence 2040 mm wide; corolla wider distally, pouches generally 35 mm wide; stigma generally ± exserted |
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| 21. Stem ± stiffly spreading-hairy and glandular; inflorescence pale n&c Sierra Nevada Foothills |
| C. lineariloba |
| 21' Stem subglabrous, not glandular; inflorescence bright (yellow to purplish red) |
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| 22. Branches generally many; leaf oblong, > 3 mm wide; seed coat tight-fitting; ± coastal |
| C. ambigua |
| subsp. ambigua |
| 23' Bracts tipped rose or purplish red |
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| 24. Plant ± fleshy, branches 0 or few from mid-stem; n North Coast, salt marshes |
| subsp. humboldtiensis |
| 24' Plant not fleshy, much-branched from base; c Central Coast, bluffs, grasslands |
| subsp. insalutata |
| 22' Branches 0 or few from mid-stem; leaf linear-lanceolate, < 3 mm wide; seed coat loose-fitting; generally inland |
| C. densiflora |
| 25. Calyx 510 mm; lower corolla lip widened abruptly, pouches as deep as long |
| subsp. gracilis |
| 25' Calyx 820 mm; lower corolla lip widened gradually, pouches longer than deep |
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| 26. Inflorescence rose-purple |
| subsp. densiflora |
| 26' Inflorescence white to pale yellow |
| subsp. obispoensis |
| 1' Inflorescence ± red (yellow-orange); flower long (generally hummingbird-pollinated); lower lip of small, incurved, generally dark green (red) teeth, upper lip > 3 × lower (subg. Castilleja) |
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| 27. Annual; stem simple; wet places leaves and bracts entire, ± narrowly lanceolate |
| C. minor |
| 28. Corolla 1520(30) mm; plant shaggy-hairy (most hairs glandular) |
| subsp. minor |
| 28' Corolla 2535 mm; plant puberulent (many hairs nonglandular) |
| subsp. spiralis |
| 27' Perennial; stems generally clustered; generally drier places (except C. miniata) |
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| 29. Plant ± densely white-woolly or ash-gray with branched hairs |
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| 30. Herbage ± green, calyces white-woolly; calyx sinuses deeper on sides than in back and front |
| C. plagiotoma |
| 30' Whole plant densely white-woolly or ash-gray; calyx sinuses deeper in back and front than on sides |
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| 31. Leaves oblong to obovate, entire, tip rounded; inflorescence ± yellow; bracts entire or 3-toothed n Channel Islands |
| C. mollis |
| 31' Leaves linear to lanceolate, upper sometimes 3-lobed, tip acute to obtuse; inflorescence generally red; bracts generally 37-lobed |
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| 32. Plant white-felty with long, interwined, slightly branched hairs; leaves entire n Channel Islands |
| C. lanata subsp. hololeuca |
| 32' Plant white-woolly or ash-gray with shorter, much-branched or stellate hairs; upper leaves sometimes 3-lobed |
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| 33. Inflorescence pale yellow-green; plant ash-gray; hairs matted, short, stellate; bracts 57-lobed s Channel Islands |
| C. grisea |
| 33' Inflorescence bright red to bright yellow; plant white-woolly or ash-gray; hairs much-branched; bracts generally entire (05-lobed) |
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| 34. Plant white-woolly; calyx ± undivided on sides |
| C. foliolosa |
| 34' Plant ash-gray; calyx divided ± 1/4 on sides |
| 2 C. pruinosa |
| 29' Plant generally not white-woolly or ash-gray from branched hairs |
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| 35. Calyx divided 2/3 in front, < 1/3 in back, lobes generally curved upward; corolla (including lower lip) generally curved out through front calyx sinus |
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| 36. Plant generally glabrous; leaves linear, rolled upward; bracts narrowly 3-lobed, < calyx; corolla beak sparsely puberulent; Cascade Range, Transverse Ranges, Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert |
| C. linariifolia |
| 36' Plant puberulent; leaves lanceolate, not rolled; bracts generally entire, > calyx; corolla beak ± densely shaggy-puberulent; California Floristic Province |
| C. subinclusa |
| 37. Corolla yellow-orange; calyx lobes clearly curved upward, sides ± entire to divided < 1/5 |
| subsp. franciscana |
| 37' Corolla reddish; calyx lobes barely curved upward, sides divided at least 1/5 |
| subsp. subinclusa |
| 35' Calyx divided ± 1/31/2 in front and back, lobes not curved upward; corolla generally not curved out through front calyx sinus (lower lip including) |
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| 38. Hairs branched and dense (or puberulent) |
| 2 C. pruinosa |
| 38' Hairs generally unbranched (or ± 0), puberulent to bristly (especially C. affinis may have some branched hairs) |
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| 39. Plant glandular-puberulent to -sticky below inflorescence |
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| 40. Calyx divided slightly > 1/2 in front; corolla beak 1/2 tube; stigma clearly 2-lobed |
| C. parviflora |
| 40' Calyx generally divided 1/31/2 in front; corolla beak 12 × tube; stigma entire or barely notched |
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| 41. Branches generally crowded below spike; leaves generally crowded; seed coat deeply netted; coastal |
| C. wightii |
| 41' Branches few below spike; leaves generally ± well spaced; seed coat shallowly netted; inland |
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| 42. Plant glandular but not sticky; leaves entire or shallowly lobed, not wavy; calyx lobes obtuse to rounded nw Klamath Ranges |
| C. hispida subsp. brevilobata |
| 42' Plant very glandular-sticky; leaves entire to deeply lobed, margin wavy; calyx lobes generally acute |
| C. applegatei |
| 43. Stem 1025 cm; leaf lobes 03; calyx 1315 mm, divided ± 1/4 on sides; subalpine High Sierra Nevada |
| subsp. pallida |
| 43' Stem 3080 cm; most leaves entire; calyx 1225 mm, generally divided < 1/5 on sides; generally below subalpine |
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| 44. Calyx lobes obtuse to rounded |
| subsp. martinii |
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| 45. Calyx 1218 mm; c&s High Sierra Nevada |
| subsp. disticha |
| 45' Calyx 1625 mm; n California |
| subsp. pinetorum |
| 39' Plant generally not glandular below spike (except barely in some C. affinis or C. latifolia) |
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| 46. Hairs generally bristly or shaggy; leaves ± fleshy, oblong to rounded, generally entire, tips truncate-rounded; bracts 03-lobed |
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| 47. Corolla 2030 mm, beak 1015 mm; n&c Central Coast |
| C. latifolia |
| 47' Corolla 3040 mm, beak 1525 mm; c North Coast |
| C. mendocinensis |
| 46' Hairs generally puberulent or 0 (bristly); leaves generally not fleshy, linear to lanceolate, entire or lobed, tips acute to obtuse; bracts entire to deeply lobed |
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| 48. Leaves generally 35-lobed; calyx divided 1/41/3 in back and front; generally sagebrush or desert scrub |
| C. angustifolia |
| 48' Leaves generally 03(5)-lobed; calyx divided ± 1/2 in back and front; generally California Floristic Province |
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| 49. Plant generally ± bristly-puberulent; leaves sometimes 5-lobed; dry places most of California Floristic Province |
| C. affinis |
| 50. Inflorescence generally bright red(-orange) (rarely yellow), 3050 mm wide; variable, common |
| subsp. affinis |
| 50' Inflorescence generally yellow (rarely pink or orangish), 1525 mm wide; relatively uniform, rare s Inner North Coast Ranges, nw San Francisco Bay Area, on serpentine |
| subsp. neglecta |
| 49' Plant glabrous to sparsely puberulent; leaves entire; moist or dry places |
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| 51. Bract and calyx lobes obtuse or rounded; seed coat deeply netted, tight-fitting; dry coastal bluffs, North Coast |
| C. affinis subsp. litoralis |
| 51' Bract and calyx lobes acute; seed coat shallowly netted, loose-fitting; moist places, North Coast and elsewhere |
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| 52. Inflorescence gray-puberulent; s North Coast (Point Reyes), probably alien, presumed extinct |
| C. chrymactis |
| 52' Inflorescence (sub)glabrous; widespread |
| C. miniata |
| 53. Stem slender; inflorescence pinkish to yellow-orange; serpentine bogs, rare; nw Klamath Ranges |
| subsp. elata |
| 53' Stem stout; inflorescence generally bright red to orange-red; common, widespread |
| subsp. miniata
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