| TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
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Jepson Interchange (more information) |
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©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora. |
AND IS MAINTAINED FOR ARCHIVAL PURPOSES ONLY |
Shrub or tree, monoecious, deciduous or evergreen
Leaves simple, alternate, petioled; margin entire to lobed; stipules small, generally deciduous
Staminate inflorescence: catkin or stiff spike; flowers many
Pistillate inflorescence 1–few-flowered, generally above staminate inflorescence; involucre in fruit generally cup-like or lobed and bur-like, bracts many, generally overlapping, flat or cylindric
Staminate flower: sepals generally 5–6, minute; petals 0; stamens 4–12+
Pistillate flower: calyx generally 6-lobed, minute; petals 0; ovary inferior, style branches generally 3
Fruit: acorn (nut subtended by scaly, cup-like involucre) or 1–3 nuts subtended by spiny, bur-like involucre; nut maturing in 1–2 years
Seed generally 1
Genera in family: 7 genera, ± 900 species: generally n hemisphere. Wood of Quercus critical for pre-20th century ship-building, charcoal for metallurgy; some now supply wood (Fagus, Quercus ), cork (Q. suber ), food (Castanea , chestnut).
Evergreen or deciduous
Leaf: stipules small, generally early deciduous
Staminate inflorescences: catkins, 1–several, slender, on proximal part of twig
Pistillate inflorescence axillary among upper leaves, short-stalked; flower generally 1
Staminate flower: calyx 4–6-lobed, minute; stamens 4–10
Pistillate flower: calyx minute, generally 6-lobed; ovary enclosed by involucre
Fruit: acorn, maturing in 1–2 years; nut enclosed by cup-like involucre with thin or tubercled scales
Chromosomes: 2n=24 for all reports
Species in genus: ± 600 species: n hemisphere, to n South America, India
Etymology: (Latin: ancient name for oak)
Many more hybrids have been named but are not included here. Reproduction of many species declining.
| Native |
Shrub 1–3 m or tree < 17 m, evergreen
Leaf 3–9 cm; petiole 2–10 mm; blade oblong, lanceolate, or ovate, tip acute to acuminate, margin generally entire, sometimes toothed, upper surface glabrous, olive-green, lower surface glabrous, dull, light olive-green
Fruit maturing in 2 years; cup 12–15 mm wide, 6–10 mm deep, generally bowl-shaped, scales flat, ± thin; nut 30–45 mm, barrel-shaped to ovoid, tip abruptly tapered, puberulent, shell woolly inside
Ecology: Canyons, slopes, chaparral, woodland
Elevation: < 1000 m.
Bioregional distribution: w San Francisco Bay Area, Outer South Coast Ranges, n Channel Islands (Santa Cruz Island), Western Transverse Ranges.
| Native |
Shrub 1–3 m
Ecology: UNCOMMON. Habitats of sp.
Elevation: < 500 m.
Bioregional distribution: Outer South Coast Ranges (Santa Barbara Co.), n Channel Islands (Santa Cruz Island), eastern Western Transverse RangesHorticultural information: DRN, SUN: 5, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24 &IRR or part SHD: 8, 9, 19, 20, 21.