TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
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©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora. |
AND IS MAINTAINED FOR ARCHIVAL PURPOSES ONLY |
Annual to shrubs, generally glandular, some green root-parasites
Stem generally round
Leaves generally alternate, simple, generally ± entire; stipules generally 0
Inflorescence: spike to panicle, generally bracted, or flowers 12 in axils
Flower bisexual; calyx lobes generally 5; corolla generally strongly bilateral, generally 2-lipped (upper lip generally 2-lobed, lower lip generally 3-lobed); stamens generally 4 in 2 pairs, generally included, a 5th (generally uppermost) sometimes present as a staminode; pistil 1, ovary superior, chambers generally 2, placentas axile, style 1, stigma lobes generally 2
Fruit: capsule, generally ± ovoid, loculicidal or septicidal
Seed: coat sculpture often characteristic
Genera in family: ± 200 genera, 3000 species: ± worldwide; some cultivated as ornamental (e.g., Antirrhinum, Mimulus, Penstemon ) or medicinal (Digitalis )
Recent taxonomic note: Recently treated to include only Buddleja, Scrophularia, and Verbascum in CA; other genera moved to Orobanchaceae (Castilleja, Cordylanthus, Orthocarpus, Pedicularis, Triphysaria), Phrymaceae (Mimulus), and Plantaginaceae (= Veronicaceae sensu Olmstead et al.)
Key to genera by Elizabeth Chase Neese & Margriet Wetherwax.
Perennial to shrub
Leaves generally opposite, entire to toothed; upper sessile
Inflorescence: panicle or raceme; bracts generally small
Flower: calyx lobes 5, ± equal; corolla tube ± cylindric or lower side expanded, ± 2-lipped, generally pink or blue to purple (some red, yellow, or white), upper lip 2-lobed, external in bud; anther sacs 2, generally spreading ± flat at dehiscence; staminode attached near base of corolla tube, well developed, generally hairy on upper side; nectaries 2, at bases of upper stamens; stigma head-like
Fruit: capsule, septicidal and sometimes also loculicidal at tip
Seeds generally many, irregularly angled
Species in genus: 250 species: North America., especially w US
Etymology: (Latin & Greek: almost thread, from stamen-like staminode)
Reference: [Holmgren 1984 In Cronquist et al. Intermountain Flora 4:370457]
Largest genus of flowering plants endemic to North America. See also Keckiella , Nothochelone.
Native |
Perennial 2090 cm, glabrous below inflorescence
Leaves thin, ± serrate; basal leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate; middle cauline leaves narrowly elliptic, slightly narrowed in middle, widest at sessile, rounded or truncate base; upper cauline leaves 1070 mm, lanceolate to ovate, cordate-clasping
Inflorescence glandular
Flower: calyx 58 mm, lobes narrowly lanceolate; corolla 1318 mm, abruptly expanded throat on upper side, blue to purple-violet, glandular outside, floor generally long-hairy; anther sacs 11.3 mm, dehiscing full length, valves barely spreading; staminode sparsely hairy
Chromosomes: 2n=16
Ecology: Open, generally logged areas of ± coniferous forest
Elevation: 6002000 m.
Bioregional distribution: Northwestern California
Distribution outside California: Oregon
Horticultural information: DRN, SUN: 4, 5, 6, or part SHD, IRR:1, 2, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24; DFCLT