| TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
previous taxon |
next taxon
Jepson Interchange (more information) |
|
|
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora. |
AND IS MAINTAINED FOR ARCHIVAL PURPOSES ONLY |
Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, generally simple and toothed (to pinnately compound); stipules 0 or generally deciduous
Inflorescence: spike, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary in axils; bracted
Flower generally bisexual, generally radial, opening at dawn or dusk; hypanthium sometimes prolonged beyond ovary (measured from ovary tip to sepal base); sepals generally 4(2–7); petals generally 4 (or as many as sepals, rarely 0), often "fading" darker; stamens generally 4 or 8(2), anthers 2-chambered, opening lengthwise, pollen generally interconnected by threads; ovary inferior, chambers generally 4 (sometimes becoming 1), placentas axile or parietal, ovules 1–many per chamber, style 1, stigma 4-lobed (or lobes as many as sepals), club-shaped, or hemispheric
Fruit: capsule, loculicidal (sometimes berry or indehiscent and nut-like)
Seeds sometimes winged or hair-tufted
Genera in family: 15 genera, ± 650 species: worldwide, especially w North America; many cultivated (Clarkia, Epilobium, Fuchsia, Gaura, Oenothera )
Reference: [Munz 1965 North America Fl II 5:1–278]
Annual, biennial, perennial herb, generally from taproot
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, generally pinnately toothed to lobed
Inflorescence: spike, raceme-like, or flowers in axils of upper, reduced leaves
Flower radial, generally opening at dusk; sepals 4, reflexed in flower (sometimes 2–3 remaining adherent); petals 4, yellow, white, rose, or ± purple, generally fading orangish to purplish, tip notched or toothed; stamens 8, anthers attached at middle; ovary chambers 4, stigma deeply lobed, generally > anthers and cross-pollinated (or ± = anthers and self-pollinated)
Fruit cylindric to 4-winged, straight to curved, generally sessile (base sometimes seedless, stalk-like)
Seeds in generally 2(1–3) rows per chamber, or clustered
Species in genus: 119 species: Am, some widely naturalized
Etymology: (Greek: wine-scented)
Reference: [Dietrich & Wagner 1988 Syst Bot Monogr 24:1–91]
Many species self-pollinated; some of these have chromosome peculiarities (ring of 14 in meiosis) and ± 50% pollen fertility; they yield genetically ± identical offspring; they are identified as Permanent Translocation Heterozygote.
| Native |
Annual, perennial herb, loosely rosetted; hairs 0, curly, or straight, also sometimes glandular
Stem decumbent or erect, 2–10 dm, stout, spongy, peeling
Leaves: cauline 2–15 cm, ± diamond-shaped-obovate to oblanceolate, subentire to pinnately lobed
Inflorescence: flowers in upper axils; buds nodding
Flower: hypanthium 20–40 mm; sepals 8–30 mm, free tips in bud 0–9 mm; petals 10–40 mm, white fading pink
Fruit 20–60(80) mm, 1.5–4(5) mm wide, cylindric, generally curved, ± twisted
Seeds in 1 row per chamber, 1.5–2 mm, obovate, smooth
Chromosomes: 2n=14
Ecology: Sandy, often dunes
Elevation: < 1800 m.
Bioregional distribution: San Joaquin Valley, ne San Francisco Bay Area, Outer South Coast Ranges, Modoc Plateau, Desert
Distribution outside California: to Oregon, Utah, Arizona, nw Mexico
Generally cross-pollinated. 5 subspp., 4 in CA.
| Native |
Annual; hairs wavy or curly, 1.5–3 mm above
Stem generally < 1 dm, generally simple or few-branched from base
Leaves: upper pinnately lobed
Flower: bud tip bluntly acute; free sepal tips 0–1 mm; petals 15–25(30) mm
Fruit base 3–5 mm wide
Ecology: Sand, including dunes, sagebrush scrub
Elevation: 850–1800 m.
Bioregional distribution: Modoc Plateau
Distribution outside California: c Oregon, w NevadaHorticultural information: TRY.