BORAGINACEAE

BORAGE FAMILY

Annual, perennial herb, shrubs, generally bristly or sharply hairy
Stem prostrate to erect
Leaves cauline, often with basal rosette, generally simple, alternate; lower sometimes opposite, entire
Inflorescence: cyme, generally elongate, panicle-, raceme- or spike-like, coiled in flower, generally uncoiled in fruit or flowers 1–2 per axil
Flowers generally bisexual, generally radial; sepals 5, free or fused in lower half; corolla 5-lobed, generally salverform, top of tube generally appendaged, appendages 5, alternating with stamens, sometimes arching over tube; stamens 5, epipetalous; ovary superior, generally 4-lobed, style generally entire
Fruit: nutlets 1–4, smooth to variously roughened, sometimes prickly or bristled
Genera in family: ± 100 genera, ± 2000 species: tropical, temp, especially w North America, Medit; some cultivated (Borago, Echium, Myosotis, Symphytum ). Almost all genera may be TOXIC from alkaloids or accumulated nitrates
Recent taxonomic note: Recently treated to include Hydrophyllaceae [Olmsted et al. 2000 Mol Phylog Evol 16:96–112]
Family description, key to genera by Timothy C. Messick.

MERTENSIA

BLUEBELLS, LUNGWORT

Elaine Joyal

Perennial from branched caudex, glabrous to coarsely hairy
Stem ± erect
Leaves cauline and generally basal, alternate, generally petioled (upper generally sessile)
Inflorescence: cyme, generally panicle- or raceme-like; bracts 0
Flower: calyx generally deeply lobed; corolla blue, generally abruptly expanded at throat, limb often ± cylindric or flared; filaments often ± flat, generally attached ± below obvious corolla appendages, anthers included
Fruit: nutlets generally wrinkled, each attached near or below middle to convex receptacle
Species in genus: ± 50 species: North America, temp Eurasia
Etymology: (F.C. Mertens, Germany, 1764–1831)
Reference: [Milek 1988 PhD U Northern Colorado; Strachan 1988 PhD U Montana]
Hybrids common; identification sometimes difficult, especially in MP.
Horticultural information: TRY; DFCLT.

Native

M. cusickii Piper

TOIYABE BLUEBELLS

Plant 3–5 dm; hairs spreading
Stems ± clustered on branched caudex
Leaves: basal generally few; cauline ± veiny, lower large, petioled, upper gradually smaller, sessile
Inflorescence panicle-like, open or ± dense
Flower: corolla 10–16 mm, tube 5–8 mm, with ring of hairs inside near base, limb 5–8 mm; filaments wide, flat, ± = anthers; style ± included
Ecology: Uncommon. Streamsides, dry drainage-bottoms, wooded slopes, dry meadows
Elevation: < 2500 m.
Bioregional distribution: Warner Mountains
Distribution outside California: to e Oregon, Idaho, nw Nevada
Morphologically and ecologically intermediate between "short" and "tall" mertensias
Synonyms: M. toiyabensis J.F. Macbr