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RUBIACEAE

MADDER FAMILY

Lauramay T. Dempster

Annual, perennial herb, shrub, vine, tree
Leaves generally opposite, entire; stipules generally on stem, sometimes leaf-like (then leaves apparently whorled and stipules considered leaves), adjacent pairs sometimes fused
Inflorescence: cyme, panicle, cluster, or flower solitary, generally terminal and ± axillary
Flower generally bisexual; calyx generally ± 4-lobed, sometimes 0; corolla generally radial, 4-lobed; stamens epipetalous, alternate corolla lobes, generally included; ovary generally inferior, chambers generally 2 or 4, style 1, ± fused if 2
Fruit: 2 or 4 nutlets or a berry, drupe, or capsule
Genera in family: ± 500 genera, 6000 species: worldwide, especially tropical; many cultivated (including Coffea , coffee; Cinchona , quinine; many ornamental)
Reference: [Dempster 1979 Fl CA 4(2):1–47]

GALIUM

BEDSTRAW, CLEAVERS

Annual, perennial herb, sometimes ± shrubby, often ± dioecious, glabrous or hairy, often scabrous
Stem when young 4-angled
Leaves in whorls of 4 or more, including leaf-like stipules
Inflorescence: panicle, or axillary clusters of 1–many flowers
Flower bisexual or unisexual (with sterile stamens or pistils); calyx 0; corolla generally rotate, sometimes ± bell-shaped, generally greenish, fading yellow or white, sometimes reddish, lobes generally 4; ovary 2-lobed, styles 2, ± fused basally
Fruit: 2 nutlets or 1 berry
Species in genus: ± 400 species: worldwide, especially temp
Etymology: (Greek: milk, from use of some species in its curdling)
Hairiness of ovary and fruit generally ± equal on a single plant; staminate plants often identified only by association with pistillate.

Native

G. andrewsii A. Gray

PHLOX-LEAVED BEDSTRAW

Perennial, low, tufted, matted, dioecious, green or silvery
Stem 5–22 cm
Leaves in whorls of 4, 4–11 mm, ± bristle-like, sharp to touch, ± thick; tip with 1 persistent hair
Staminate inflorescence: few-flowered clusters
Pistillate inflorescence: flowers solitary in axils
Flower: corolla rotate, yellowish
Fruit: berry; hairs 0
Ecology: Dry slopes, ridges, chaparral, or open woodlands
Elevation: 220–2580 m.
Bioregional distribution: Inner North Coast Ranges, s Sierra Nevada Foothills, San Francisco Bay Area, South Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges
Distribution outside California: Baja California
Sspp. difficult to distinguish but biologically valid.

Native

subsp. gatense (Dempster) Dempster & Stebbins

Plant sometimes ± erect, open; a main stem apparent, sometimes hairy
Stem < 22 cm
Leaves often < internodes, often lanceolate, flat, sometimes spreading
Chromosomes: 2n=88
Ecology: Dry, rocky places in serpentine soil, chaparral or open oak/pine woodland
Elevation: 220–1450 m.
Bioregional distribution: San Francisco Bay Area, Inner South Coast Ranges
Synonyms: var. g. Dempster

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