| TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
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©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora. |
AND IS MAINTAINED FOR ARCHIVAL PURPOSES ONLY |
Annual, perennial herb from corms, stolons, rhizomes, or tubers, aquatic (± emergent or on mud), generally bisexual; roots fibrous
Stem: caudex short
Leaves: basal, simple, palmately veined, sometimes floating; submersed blades generally linear to ovate; emergent blades linear to sagittate
Inflorescence generally scapose, umbel- to panicle-like; flowers whorled, in interrupted clusters
Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radial; sepals 3, generally green, generally persistent; petals 3, generally > sepals, white or pink; stamens 6–many; pistils 6–many, generally simple
Fruit: achene, generally compressed, beaked
Genera in family: ± 12 genera, 75–100 species: especially n hemisphere
Reference: [Rogers 1983 J Arnold Arbor 64: 383–420]
Annual or short-lived perennial herb; roots not partitioned
Leaf: petiole angled; blade linear to cordate
Inflorescence: peduncle generally smooth; flowers > 3 per node
Flower bisexual; receptacle convex; sepals generally 2–6 mm, dark green; petals generally entire, white; stamens 9–many; pistils many, free, in spheric cluster
Fruit: cluster bur-like; body ± compressed, generally ribbed, tapered to beak
Species in genus: ± 50 species: Am, especially tropics
Etymology: (Greek: spiny, leathery container, from fruit)
Reference: [Haynes & Holm-Nielsen 1986 Brittonia 38:325–332]