TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL	previous taxon | next taxon Jepson Interchange (more information)
	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

VIOLACEAE

VIOLET FAMILY

R. John Little

Annual to shrub or vine (generally per in CA)
Leaves basal, cauline, or both, generally alternate, entire to compound; stipules generally small
Inflorescence: head, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary; peduncle bractlets 2
Flower generally bisexual, generally bilateral; sepals 5, free to slightly fused, generally persistent; petals 5, free, lowest generally spurred or pouched at base; stamens generally 5, alternate petals, filaments short, wide, anthers surrounding ovary, adherent or fused, often with nectaries at base, often with membranous appendage at tip; ovary superior, chamber 1, placentas 3, parietal, ovules generally many, style 1
Fruit: generally capsule, 3-valved, generally explosively dehiscent
Seeds generally appendaged
Genera in family: 15 genera, 600 species: generally temp, worldwide; some cultivated as ornamental; some Eur species medicinally useful as emetics, diuretics, purgatives
Reference: [Brizicky 1961 J Arnold Arbor 42:321–333]

VIOLA

VIOLET

Annual or perennial herb < 35 cm, glabrous to hairy
Leaf entire to compound
Inflorescence: flower generally solitary, axillary
Flower bilateral; sepals subequal, appendaged at base; petals unequal, lowest spurred or pouched at base, lateral 2 equal, generally spreading, often hairy near base, upper 2 equal, erect; lower 2 stamens with nectaries projecting into spur
Fruit: capsule, ovoid to oblong
Etymology: (Latin: ancient name)
Reference: [Clausen 1964 Madroño 17:173–197]
Cleistogamous flowers generally present. Seeds often dispersed by ants that feed on seed-appendages.

Native

V. praemorsa Douglas

ASTORIA VIOLET

Plant 6–30 cm
Stem appearing 0 early, generally later ascending to erect from short, erect rhizome
Leaves simple; petiole < 200 mm; basal blade 20–85 mm, generally widely (ob)ovate; cauline blade 20–100 mm, elliptic to generally ± ovate, ± irregularly toothed or wavy-margined, hairs 0 to dense, base tapered to subcordate, tip acute or obtuse
Inflorescence: peduncle 40–180 mm
Flower: petals yellow, lowest (including spur) 12–20 mm, deep yellow, lower 3 veined brown-purple, lateral 2 bearded, upper 2 sometimes purple or brown outside
Fruit 6–11 mm, glabrous to hairy
Chromosomes: 2n=36, 48
Ecology: Moist to dry soil, grassy slopes, meadows, yellow-pine forests
Elevation: 500–2400 m.
Bioregional distribution: Northwestern California, Cascade Range n&c High Sierra Nevada, Warner Mountains
Distribution outside California: to sw Canada, Montana, Colorado
Complex; needs study
Horticultural information: TRY.

Native

subsp. linguifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) M.S. Baker & J.C. Clausen

Leaves: cauline blade < 100 mm, ± elliptic, generally irregularly toothed or wavy-margined, base generally tapered
Chromosomes: 2n=36,48
Ecology: Habitats and ± range of sp
Elevation:
Bioregional distribution: Northwestern California, Cascade Range n&c High Sierra Nevada, Warner Mountains
Synonyms: subspp. arida M.S. Baker, major (Hook.) M.S. Baker, and oregona M.S. Baker