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	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

SCROPHULARIACEAE

FIGWORT FAMILY

Lawrence R. Heckard, Family Coordinator

Annual to shrubs, generally glandular, some green root-parasites
Stem generally round
Leaves generally alternate, simple, generally ± entire; stipules generally 0
Inflorescence: spike to panicle, generally bracted, or flowers 1–2 in axils
Flower bisexual; calyx lobes generally 5; corolla generally strongly bilateral, generally 2-lipped (upper lip generally 2-lobed, lower lip generally 3-lobed); stamens generally 4 in 2 pairs, generally included, a 5th (generally uppermost) sometimes present as a staminode; pistil 1, ovary superior, chambers generally 2, placentas axile, style 1, stigma lobes generally 2
Fruit: capsule, generally ± ovoid, loculicidal or septicidal
Seed: coat sculpture often characteristic
Genera in family: ± 200 genera, 3000 species: ± worldwide; some cultivated as ornamental (e.g., Antirrhinum, Mimulus, Penstemon ) or medicinal (Digitalis )
Recent taxonomic note: Recently treated to include only Buddleja, Scrophularia, and Verbascum in CA; other genera moved to Orobanchaceae (Castilleja, Cordylanthus, Orthocarpus, Pedicularis, Triphysaria), Phrymaceae (Mimulus), and Plantaginaceae (= Veronicaceae sensu Olmstead et al.)
Key to genera by Elizabeth Chase Neese & Margriet Wetherwax.

CORDYLANTHUS

BIRD'S-BEAK

T.I. Chuang and Lawrence R. Heckard

Annual, green root-parasites, generally much-branched
Leaves sessile, 0–11-lobed
Inflorescence: spike (subtended by outer bracts) or flowers solitary (each subtended by outer bracts) but often clustered; outer bracts ± leaf-like; inner bract calyx-like (formerly confused with calyx)
Flower: calyx generally divided to base in front, sheath-like, tip generally entire or shallowly notched; corolla ± club-shaped, upper lip beak-like, enclosing anthers and style, tip closed, lower lip ± = upper, pouched, middle lobe generally tightly rolled under; stamens generally 4, anther sacs 1–2 per stamen, unequal; style bent near tip, stigma unexpanded, ± exserted downward from closed beak tip
Fruit loculicidal
Seeds generally 10–20, attached at side; coat netted or ridged, tight-fitting
Species in genus: 18 species: w North America
Etymology: (Greek: club-shaped flower)
[Chuang & Heckard, 1986 Syst Bot Monogr 10:1–105] Close to Orthocarpus , distinguished by inflorescence and calyx. Generally flowers late summer.

Native

C. maritimus Benth.

Plant 10–40 cm, gray-green, glaucous, often tinged purple and salt-encrusted, generally ± short-hairy
Leaf 5–25 mm, ± linear-lanceolate, entire
Inflorescence: spike, 20–90 mm, many-flowered; outer bract leaf-like; inner bract 15–30 mm
Flower: calyx 15–25 mm; corolla 15–25 mm, white to cream, puberulent, lips pale to brownish or purplish red, middle lobe of lower lip erect; stamens 4, anther sacs 2 (lower pair) or 1 (upper pair)
Seeds 10–40, 1–3 mm, ± reniform, deeply netted, dark brown
Chromosomes: 2n=30
Ecology:
Elevation: Coastal salt marshes (< 10 m), inland alkaline flats (1200–1900 m).
Bioregional distribution: n North Coast, Central Coast, South Coast, Great Basin Floristic Province
Distribution outside California: to Oregon, Utah, n Baja California

Native

subsp. canescens (A. Gray) Chuang & Heckard

Stem: branches generally many, ± erect, upper generally > central spike
Inflorescence dense; inner bract generally entire
Seeds 25–40, 1–1.5 mm
Ecology: Inland alkaline flats
Elevation: 1200–1900 m.
Bioregional distribution: Great Basin Floristic Province
Distribution outside California: to s Oregon, Utah
Flowering time: Jun–Sep
Synonyms: C. c. A. Gray
Horticultural information: STBL.