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	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

SCROPHULARIACEAE

FIGWORT FAMILY

Lawrence R. Heckard, Family Coordinator

Annual to shrubs, generally glandular, some green root-parasites
Stem generally round
Leaves generally alternate, simple, generally ± entire; stipules generally 0
Inflorescence: spike to panicle, generally bracted, or flowers 1–2 in axils
Flower bisexual; calyx lobes generally 5; corolla generally strongly bilateral, generally 2-lipped (upper lip generally 2-lobed, lower lip generally 3-lobed); stamens generally 4 in 2 pairs, generally included, a 5th (generally uppermost) sometimes present as a staminode; pistil 1, ovary superior, chambers generally 2, placentas axile, style 1, stigma lobes generally 2
Fruit: capsule, generally ± ovoid, loculicidal or septicidal
Seed: coat sculpture often characteristic
Genera in family: ± 200 genera, 3000 species: ± worldwide; some cultivated as ornamental (e.g., Antirrhinum, Mimulus, Penstemon ) or medicinal (Digitalis )
Recent taxonomic note: Recently treated to include only Buddleja, Scrophularia, and Verbascum in CA; other genera moved to Orobanchaceae (Castilleja, Cordylanthus, Orthocarpus, Pedicularis, Triphysaria), Phrymaceae (Mimulus), and Plantaginaceae (= Veronicaceae sensu Olmstead et al.)
Key to genera by Elizabeth Chase Neese & Margriet Wetherwax.

COLLINSIA

Elizabeth Chase Neese

Annual, often glandular, sometimes brown-staining
Leaves opposite; lower petioled
Inflorescence bracted, often interrupted; flowers 1–many in leaf axils
Flower: calyx 5-lobed; corolla ± pea-like, generally glabrous outside, tube short, throat ± angled to tube, ± pouched on upper side, lips generally ± = throat, upper lobes 2, ± reflexed, generally paler, lower lobes 3, lateral spreading, central lobe keeled, enclosing stamens and style; stamens 4, attached unequally near throat base; staminode gland-like
Fruit septicidal and loculicidal (valves 2-lobed)
Seeds generally few, ± oblong, generally plump; inner surface ± hollow
Species in genus: ± 18 species: North America, especially CA
Etymology: (Zaccheus Collins, 1764–1831, Philadelphia botanist)
Late-season flowers generally atypically small.

Native

C. sparsiflora Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

Plant 5–30 cm
Leaf generally linear to oblong, entire
Inflorescence open, glabrous to finely hairy, nonglandular; pedicels 1–2(3) per node, generally >> calyx
Flower: calyx lobes sharply acute to long-tapered, generally ciliate, generally >> fruit; corolla generally lavender to purple (white), middle lobe sparsely long-hairy near tip; upper filaments (sparsely) short-spreading-hairy
Fruit spheric; top red-blotched, revealed by spreading calyx lobes
Seeds 4–12, roundish, flat, generally cupped, winged
Ecology: Grassy disturbed areas, old fields, chaparral
Elevation: < 1200 m.
Bioregional distribution: Northwestern California, Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada Foothills, Great Central Valley, Central Western California.Variable; more study needed.

Native

var. collina (Jeps.) Newsom

Flower: corolla 5–8 mm, throat barely angled to tube, pouch hidden by calyx
Ecology: Disturbed grassy fields, roadbanks, open chaparral and foothill woodland
Elevation: 100–1200 m.
Bioregional distribution: Sierra Nevada Foothills, Great Central Valley, San Francisco Bay Area, South Coast Ranges.Widespread intermediates to var. sparsiflora have been called var. bruceae (M.E. Jones) Newsom.