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	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

SCROPHULARIACEAE

FIGWORT FAMILY

Lawrence R. Heckard, Family Coordinator

Annual to shrubs, generally glandular, some green root-parasites
Stem generally round
Leaves generally alternate, simple, generally ± entire; stipules generally 0
Inflorescence: spike to panicle, generally bracted, or flowers 1–2 in axils
Flower bisexual; calyx lobes generally 5; corolla generally strongly bilateral, generally 2-lipped (upper lip generally 2-lobed, lower lip generally 3-lobed); stamens generally 4 in 2 pairs, generally included, a 5th (generally uppermost) sometimes present as a staminode; pistil 1, ovary superior, chambers generally 2, placentas axile, style 1, stigma lobes generally 2
Fruit: capsule, generally ± ovoid, loculicidal or septicidal
Seed: coat sculpture often characteristic
Genera in family: ± 200 genera, 3000 species: ± worldwide; some cultivated as ornamental (e.g., Antirrhinum, Mimulus, Penstemon ) or medicinal (Digitalis )
Recent taxonomic note: Recently treated to include only Buddleja, Scrophularia, and Verbascum in CA; other genera moved to Orobanchaceae (Castilleja, Cordylanthus, Orthocarpus, Pedicularis, Triphysaria), Phrymaceae (Mimulus), and Plantaginaceae (= Veronicaceae sensu Olmstead et al.)
Key to genera by Elizabeth Chase Neese & Margriet Wetherwax.

ANTIRRHINUM

SNAPDRAGON

David M. Thompson

Annual, perennial herb, glabrous to hairy
Stem vine-like, ascending or erect, often clinging by twining pedicels or branchlets
Leaves generally opposite below, alternate above, generally reduced upward; veins pinnate
Inflorescence: raceme or flowers solitary in axils
Flowers often cleistogamous; uppermost calyx lobe generally largest; corolla tube of opening flowers truncate or with rounded sac-like extension at base, lower lip base generally swollen and closing mouth; staminode 0
Fruit ovoid to spheric; chambers generally dehiscent by 1–2 pores near tip, lower chamber generally larger, upper sometimes indehiscent
Seeds many, generally with tubercles or netted ridges
Species in genus: 36 species: w North America, w Medit
Etymology: (Greek: nose-like, from corolla shape)
Reference: [Thompson 1988 Syst Bot Monogr 22:1–142]

Native

A. nuttallianum Benth.

Annual, rarely biennial, hairy
Stem erect but weak, often clinging to other plants or debris
Inflorescence: flowers solitary; pedicels generally 2–18 mm, lowest generally subtended by twining branchlets, flower branchlets, or both
Flower: calyx lobes ± equal; corolla of opening flowers 7–12 mm, lavender to blue-purple with 1–2 blue-veined white blotches on lower lip base and gold hairs in mouth (hair color unique in CA)
Chromosomes: n=16
Ecology: Dunes, rocky or disturbed places
Elevation: 0–1400 m.
Bioregional distribution: s Central Coast, South Coast, Channel Islands, San Bernardino Mountains, Peninsular Ranges
Distribution outside California: Baja California
Sspp. hybridize near coast
Horticultural information: TRY.

Native

subsp. subsessile (A. Gray) D.M. Thomps.

Hairs sparse to moderately dense, coarse, of ± uniform length, tips much enlarged
Leaves opposite at lowest 2–5 nodes of main stem
Inflorescence: flowers at all 1-lvd nodes; upper pedicels generally < 6 mm
Flower: whitish blotch on lower corolla lip generally interrupted by lavender
Seed: ridges broken, fragments longitudinal or unpatterned
Ecology: Stabilized coastal dunes, rocky or disturbed areas
Elevation: 0–1400 m.
Bioregional distribution: s Central Coast, South Coast, Channel Islands
Distribution outside California: Arizona, s Baja California