TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL	previous taxon | next taxon Jepson Interchange (more information)
	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

RANUNCULACEAE

BUTTERCUP FAMILY

Dieter H. Wilken, except as specified

Annual, perennial herb, sometimes aquatic
Leaves generally basal and cauline, generally alternate, simple or compound; petioles at base generally flat, sometimes sheathing or stipule-like
Inflorescence: cyme, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary
Flower generally bisexual, radial; sepals generally 5, free, early deciduous or withering in fruit, generally green; petals 0–many, free; stamens generally 10–many; pistils 1–many, ovary superior, chamber 1, style 1, generally ± persistent in fruit as beak, ovules 1–many
Fruit: achene, follicle, berry, or utricle-like, 1–many-seeded
Genera in family: ± 60 genera, 1700 species: worldwide, especially n temp, tropical mtns; many ornamental (Adonis, Aquilegia, Clematis, Consolida, Delphinium, Erianthis, Helleborus ), some highly TOXIC (Aconitum, Actaea, Delphinium, Ranunculus )
Reference: [Duncan & Keener 1991 Phytologia 70:24–27]

DELPHINIUM

LARKSPUR

Michael J. Warnock

Perennial; root generally < 10 cm, ± fibrous or fleshy; buds generally obscure
Stem generally 1, erect, generally unbranched; base generally ± as wide as root, generally firmly attached to root, generally ± reddish or purplish
Leaves simple, basal and cauline, petioled; blades generally palmately lobed, deep lobes generally 3–5, generally < 6 mm wide, generally also lobed; lower leaves generally dry, often 0 in flower; cauline merging into bracts upward
Inflorescence: raceme or somewhat branched, terminal; flowers generally 10–25; pedicels generally ± spreading
Flower bilateral; sepals 5, petal-like, generally spreading, generally ± dark blue, uppermost spurred; petals 4, << sepals, upper 2 with nectar-secreting spurs enclosed in uppermost sepal, lower 2 clawed, with blades generally 4–8 mm, notched, generally ± perpendicular to claws, generally colored like sepals, generally obviously hairy; pistils 3(–5)
Fruit aggregate of 3(–5) erect follicles, generally 2.5–4 X longer than wide
Seed dark brown to black, often appearing white, generally winged when immature, generally without inflated collar; coat cell margins generally straight
Etymology: (Latin: dolphin, from bud shape)
Reference: [Lewis & Epling 1954 Brittonia 8:1–22]
Hybrids common, especially in disturbed places. Root length here includes coarse but not thread-like parts. Most species highly TOXIC, attractive and causing many deaths to cattle, less often to horses, sheep.
Horticultural information: Exc as noted, successful In cultivation only within natural range and habitat. Lowland subsp.: DRY. Upland species: winter chilling required.

Native

D. hesperium A. Gray

WESTERN or COAST LARKSPUR

Stem 10–120 (generally 40–80) cm, hairy to ± glabrous below; base seldom reddish, generally prominently veined
Leaf: upper surface ± glabrous; lower surface puberulent, prominently veined; lobes 3–14
Inflorescence: flowers 5–100; pedicels ascending, 6–75 mm, 3–50 mm apart, puberulent
Flower: sepals white to pinkish or dark blue-purple, lateral 7–16 mm, spur 8–18 mm; lower petal blades 3–8 mm, hairier on inner lobes
Fruit 8–18 mm, sometimes < 3 X longer than wide
Seed winged, otherwise smooth
Ecology: Grassland, open woodlands
Elevation: 10–1500 m.
Bioregional distribution: Northwestern California, Cascade Range Foothills, Sacramento Valley, San Francisco Bay Area, Inner South Coast Ranges, c Peninsular Ranges.

Native

subsp. pallescens (Ewan) F.H. Lewis & Epling

Stem: base generally puberulent, rarely hairy
Inflorescence: flowers generally < 25; pedicels > 8 mm apart
Flower: sepals spreading, white to pinkish or light blue, lateral 10–15 mm, > 4 mm wide, spur 10–17 mm; lower petal blades 4–7 mm
Chromosomes: 2n=16
Ecology: Oak woodland, e slope coast ranges
Elevation: 20–1000 m.
Bioregional distribution: Inner North Coast Ranges, Cascade Range Foothills, Sacramento Valley, San Francisco Bay Area, Inner South Coast Ranges. Hybridizes with D. parryi , D. uliginosum.
Horticultural information: DRN, DRY: 7, 14, 15, 16.