TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL	previous taxon | next taxon Jepson Interchange (more information)
	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

ASTERACEAE

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

David J. Keil, Family Editor and author, except as specified

Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate to whorled, simple to compound
Inflorescence: 1° inflorescence a head, each resembling a flower, 1–many, generally arrayed in cymes, generally subtended by ± calyx-like involucre; flowers 1–many per head
Flowers bisexual, unisexual, or sterile, ± small, of several types; calyx 0 or modified into pappus of bristles, scales, or awns, which is generally persistent in fruit; corolla radial or bilateral (rarely 0), lobes generally (0)4–5; stamens 4–5, anthers generally fused into cylinder around style, often appendaged at tips, bases, or both, filaments generally free, generally attached to corolla near throat; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 1-chambered, 1-seeded, style 1, branches 2, generally hair-tufted at tip, stigmas 2, generally on inside of style branches
Fruit: achene, cylindric to ovoid, generally deciduous with pappus attached
Genera in family: ± 1300 genera, 21,000 species (largest family of dicots): worldwide. Largest family in CA. Also see tribal key to CA genera: Strother 1997 Madroño 44(1):1–28. See glossary p. 25 for illustrations of general family characteristics.

BIDENS

STICKTIGHT, SPANISH-NEEDLES, BEGGAR'S TICK

Annual, perennial herb, shrubs
Stems prostrate to erect
Leaves simple or pinnate, generally opposite, sessile or petioled
Inflorescence: heads radiate or discoid, generally few in CA; involucre cylindric to bell-shaped; phyllaries in 2 dissimilar series, outer generally ± leaf-like in texture, inner thinner, with transparent or scarious margins; receptacle chaffy; chaff scales narrow, flat
Ray flowers 0 or few; ligules yellow or white
Disk flowers generally many; corollas yellow, radial (or outermost white, bilateral)
Fruit narrowly club-shaped, thick or compressed front-to-back; pappus 0 or awns 1–several, generally barbed
Species in genus: ± 230 species: worldwide
Etymology: (Latin: 2 teeth)
Reference: [Sherff & Alexander 1955 North America Flora 2(2):70–129]

Native

B. laevis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

BUR-MARIGOLD

Annual, perennial herb, generally ± glabrous
Stems 2–25 dm, ± decumbent to erect, ± cylindric
Leaves simple, sessile; bases sometimes fused around stem; blades 5–15 cm, ± lanceolate, acute to acuminate, serrate
Inflorescence: heads radiate, erect in flower, often nodding in fruit; peduncle 2–10 cm; involucre 1–2 cm diam, bell-shaped; outer phyllaries 6–8, 1–2 mm, linear-lanceolate, sparsely ciliate; inner phyllaries 8–16 mm, obovate; chaff scales reddish tipped
Ray flowers 7–8; ligules 1.5–3 cm, yellow
Disk flowers: corollas 4–6 mm, yellow
Fruit narrowly wedge-shaped, flat or 3–4-angled; angles thin, barbed; pappus awns 2–4, 3–5 mm
Chromosomes: 2n=22
Ecology: Freshwater wetlands
Elevation: generally < 300 m.
Bioregional distribution: Great Central Valley, South Coast Ranges, Southwestern California, East of Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert (Mojave River)
Distribution outside California: to e N.America
Flowering time: Aug–Nov
Much like B. cernua
Horticultural information: WET, SUN: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24.