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ASTERACEAE

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

David J. Keil, Family Editor and author, except as specified

Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate to whorled, simple to compound
Inflorescence: 1° inflorescence a head, each resembling a flower, 1–many, generally arrayed in cymes, generally subtended by ± calyx-like involucre; flowers 1–many per head
Flowers bisexual, unisexual, or sterile, ± small, of several types; calyx 0 or modified into pappus of bristles, scales, or awns, which is generally persistent in fruit; corolla radial or bilateral (rarely 0), lobes generally (0)4–5; stamens 4–5, anthers generally fused into cylinder around style, often appendaged at tips, bases, or both, filaments generally free, generally attached to corolla near throat; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 1-chambered, 1-seeded, style 1, branches 2, generally hair-tufted at tip, stigmas 2, generally on inside of style branches
Fruit: achene, cylindric to ovoid, generally deciduous with pappus attached
Genera in family: ± 1300 genera, 21,000 species (largest family of dicots): worldwide. Largest family in CA. Also see tribal key to CA genera: Strother 1997 Madroño 44(1):1–28. See glossary p. 25 for illustrations of general family characteristics.

LEUCANTHEMUM

Elizabeth McClintock

Perennial
Stems simple or branched
Leaves alternate, entire to pinnately lobed or toothed
Inflorescence: heads radiate, generally long-peduncled, generally solitary; phyllaries in 2–3 series, margins scarious; receptacle generally convex to conic, chaff 0
Ray flowers ± 20(0), pistillate; ligules generally white
Disk flowers many; corollas yellow; anther tips ovate, bases rounded or ± cordate; style branches truncate with shrub-like tips
Fruit generally 10-ribbed; pappus 0 or a narrow crown
Species in genus: ± 20 species: Eur, n Africa
Etymology: (Greek: white flower)
Reference: [Humphries 1976 Bull Brit Mus Bot 5:147–240]

Introduced

L. vulgare Lam.

OX-EYE DAISY


Stems from a creeping rootstock, 2–5 dm, erect, stout, sparingly branched, ± glabrous
Leaves pinnately lobed or toothed; lowermost and middle blades < 12 cm, obovate to spoon-shaped, petiole = blade, wingless; upper cauline leaves shorter, oblong, sessile
Inflorescence: heads 3–7 cm diam
Ray flowers ± 22(0); ligules 1–3.5 mm, white
Disk flowers: corollas ± 2.5 mm
Fruit ± 2 mm, 10-ribbed
Chromosomes: 2n=18,36,54,72,90
Ecology: Common. Escape from cultivated in pastures, disturbed mtn meadows, roadsides, fields
Elevation: < 2000 m.
Bioregional distribution: Klamath Ranges, Outer North Coast Ranges, n&c High Sierra Nevada, San Francisco Bay Area, Western Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges
Distribution outside California: native to Europe
Synonyms: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L

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