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ASTERACEAE

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

David J. Keil, Family Editor and author, except as specified

Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate to whorled, simple to compound
Inflorescence: 1° inflorescence a head, each resembling a flower, 1–many, generally arrayed in cymes, generally subtended by ± calyx-like involucre; flowers 1–many per head
Flowers bisexual, unisexual, or sterile, ± small, of several types; calyx 0 or modified into pappus of bristles, scales, or awns, which is generally persistent in fruit; corolla radial or bilateral (rarely 0), lobes generally (0)4–5; stamens 4–5, anthers generally fused into cylinder around style, often appendaged at tips, bases, or both, filaments generally free, generally attached to corolla near throat; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 1-chambered, 1-seeded, style 1, branches 2, generally hair-tufted at tip, stigmas 2, generally on inside of style branches
Fruit: achene, cylindric to ovoid, generally deciduous with pappus attached
Genera in family: ± 1300 genera, 21,000 species (largest family of dicots): worldwide. Largest family in CA. Also see tribal key to CA genera: Strother 1997 Madroño 44(1):1–28. See glossary p. 25 for illustrations of general family characteristics.

HELIANTHUS

SUNFLOWER

Annual or perennial herb
Stems generally erect
Leaves opposite or alternate, generally reduced upward, often 3-veined from near base, generally rough-hairy
Inflorescence: heads radiate, solitary or in cymes; involucre bell-shaped to hemispheric; phyllaries in 1–3 generally ± equal series, free; receptacle flat to rounded; chaff scales 0–3-lobed
Ray flowers 10–many, sterile; ligules yellow
Disk flowers many; corollas yellow to red or purple, tube short, throat base often swollen, lobes triangular; style appendages triangular
Fruit oblanceolate to obovate, ± compressed; sides rounded; pappus generally of 2 deciduous, lanceolate to ovate scales (sometimes also 1–several shorter scales)
Species in genus: 67 species: Am
Etymology: (Greek: sun flower)
Reference: [Heiser 1969 Mem Torrey Bot Club 22(3):1–218]

Native

H. niveus (Benth.) Brandegee

Annual or perennial herb < 15 dm, from taproot
Leaves generally alternate, ± long-petioled; blade lanceolate to ovate, wedge-shaped to ± cordate at base, obtuse to acute, densely canescent to long-silky
Inflorescence: heads 1–few; involucre 8–28 mm diam; phyllaries 8–12 mm, ± lanceolate, acute, canescent to soft-hairy, ± = disk; chaff scales 10–11 mm, entire to deeply 3-lobed
Ray flowers 13–21; ligules 12–25 mm
Disk flowers: corollas 5–7 mm, lobes red to dark purple in CA
Fruit 3–8 mm; pappus scales 2–3 mm (generally also several shorter scales)
Chromosomes: 2n=34
Ecology: Open, sandy places
Elevation: generally < 300 m.
Bioregional distribution: South Coast, Sonoran Desert
Distribution outside California: to Texas, n Mexico

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