| TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
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Jepson Interchange (more information) |
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©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora. |
AND IS MAINTAINED FOR ARCHIVAL PURPOSES ONLY |
Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, generally simple and toothed (to pinnately compound); stipules 0 or generally deciduous
Inflorescence: spike, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary in axils; bracted
Flower generally bisexual, generally radial, opening at dawn or dusk; hypanthium sometimes prolonged beyond ovary (measured from ovary tip to sepal base); sepals generally 4(2–7); petals generally 4 (or as many as sepals, rarely 0), often "fading" darker; stamens generally 4 or 8(2), anthers 2-chambered, opening lengthwise, pollen generally interconnected by threads; ovary inferior, chambers generally 4 (sometimes becoming 1), placentas axile or parietal, ovules 1–many per chamber, style 1, stigma 4-lobed (or lobes as many as sepals), club-shaped, or hemispheric
Fruit: capsule, loculicidal (sometimes berry or indehiscent and nut-like)
Seeds sometimes winged or hair-tufted
Genera in family: 15 genera, ± 650 species: worldwide, especially w North America; many cultivated (Clarkia, Epilobium, Fuchsia, Gaura, Oenothera )
Reference: [Munz 1965 North America Fl II 5:1–278]
Annual to subshrub, sometimes floating or rooting at nodes
Leaves alternate to opposite, simple; stipules generally deciduous
Inflorescence: spike; flowers 1 per bract
Flower radial; hypanthium 0; sepals 4–5(7), persistent; petals (0)4–5(7), white to yellow; stamens 4 or 10(12), pollen generally shed singly in CA; stigma club-shaped to spheric
Fruit dehiscing irregularly; wall thick or thin
Seeds free or embedded in fruit wall
Species in genus: 82 species: ± worldwide
Etymology: (C.G. Ludwig, German botanist and physician, 1709–1773)
Reference: [Raven 1963 Reinwardtia 6:327–427]
Many polyploids.
| Native |
Perennial, matted, floating, or creeping
Stem 1–30 dm, prostrate to erect, simple or branched
Leaves < 10 cm, alternate, ± clustered; blade oblong to round, subentire, glabrous to spreading-hairy above
Flower: sepals 5(6), 3–12 mm; petals 5(6), 7–24 mm; stamens 10(12) in 2 unequal sets, anthers 0.5–2.2 mm
Fruit reflexed; pedicel 6–90 mm; body cylindric, ± 5-angled, hard, subglabrous to spreading-hairy
Seed 1–1.5 mm, embedded in inner fruit wall
Chromosomes: 2n=16
Ecology: Ditches, streambanks, lakeshores
Elevation: < 900 m.
Bioregional distribution: North Coast, Outer North Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada Foothills, Great Central Valley, Central Coast, San Francisco Bay Area, South Coast, Western Transverse Ranges, sw Mojave Desert
Distribution outside California: to Oregon, se US, S.America, Eurasia, Australia
Synonyms: Jussiaea repens L. misapplied
May be serious wetland or agricultural weed.
| Native |
Plant (sub)glabrous
Leaf: tip generally not glandular; lower petioles 3–8 mm
Fruit: body 10–25 mm
Chromosomes: 2n=16
Ecology: Ditches, shores, streambanks
Elevation: < 900 m.
Bioregional distribution: North Coast, Outer North Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada Foothills, Great Central Valley, Central Coast, San Francisco Bay Area, South Coast, Western Transverse Ranges, sw Mojave Desert
Distribution outside California: to Oregon, Texas, S.America, introduced into Australia
Flowering time: May–Oct
Synonyms: J. r. var. p. (Kunth) Griseb. misapplied