TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL	previous taxon | next taxon Jepson Interchange (more information)
	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

ONAGRACEAE

EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY

Warren L. Wagner, except as specified Peter H. Raven, Family Coordinator

Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, generally simple and toothed (to pinnately compound); stipules 0 or generally deciduous
Inflorescence: spike, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary in axils; bracted
Flower generally bisexual, generally radial, opening at dawn or dusk; hypanthium sometimes prolonged beyond ovary (measured from ovary tip to sepal base); sepals generally 4(2–7); petals generally 4 (or as many as sepals, rarely 0), often "fading" darker; stamens generally 4 or 8(2), anthers 2-chambered, opening lengthwise, pollen generally interconnected by threads; ovary inferior, chambers generally 4 (sometimes becoming 1), placentas axile or parietal, ovules 1–many per chamber, style 1, stigma 4-lobed (or lobes as many as sepals), club-shaped, or hemispheric
Fruit: capsule, loculicidal (sometimes berry or indehiscent and nut-like)
Seeds sometimes winged or hair-tufted
Genera in family: 15 genera, ± 650 species: worldwide, especially w North America; many cultivated (Clarkia, Epilobium, Fuchsia, Gaura, Oenothera )
Reference: [Munz 1965 North America Fl II 5:1–278]

EPILOBIUM

FIREWEED, WILLOW HERB

Peter C. Hoch

Annual to subshrub
Leaves generally opposite below (or clustered in axils), generally ± fine-toothed; veins generally obscure
Inflorescence: generally raceme, bracted
Flower radial or ± bilateral; sepals 4, erect; petals 4, generally notched; stamens 8, anthers attached at middle, pollen grains generally shed in 4's, generally cream-yellow; ovary chambers 4, stigma generally club-like
Fruit straight, cylindric to club-like
Seeds generally in 1 row per chamber, generally with white, deciduous hair-tuft
Species in genus: 171 species: worldwide except tropical
Recent taxonomic note: Epilobium angustifolium, Epilobium latifolium now treated in Chamerion. See Hoch 1999 Flora of Japan IIc: 241; Baum et al. 1994 Syst Bot 19:363–388.
Etymology: (Greek: upon pod, from inferior ovary)
Reference: [Raven 1976 Ann Missouri Bot Gard 63:326–340]
Incl Boisduvalia , Zauschneria. Most taxa polyploid; many with anthers ± = stigma self-pollinated; many hybrids.

Native

E. angustifolium L. subsp. circumvagum Mosq.

FIREWEED

Perennial < 30 dm, generally strongly colonial, ± glabrous to densely strigose above
Leaves alternate, 15–200 mm, lanceolate; midrib strigose below; veins ± conspicuous; petiole 2–7 mm
Inflorescence dense, generally canescent; bracts small, linear
Flower nodding in bud; hypanthium 0 (except as greenish disk); sepals 7–16 mm; petals 10–25 mm, generally deep pink to magenta, entire; stamens subequal, < pistil, maturing before stigma, pollen bluish gray, shed singly; stigma 4-lobed
Fruit 40–100 mm, gray-hairy; pedicel 7–20 mm
Seed 1–1.3 mm, fusiform, irregularly netted; hairs persistent
Chromosomes: 2n=72
Ecology: Common. Open places, gravel bars, roadsides, especially after fires
Elevation: < 3300 m.
Bioregional distribution: North Coast, Klamath Ranges, Outer North Coast Ranges, High Cascade Range, High Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino Mountains, White and Inyo Mountains, ne Desert Mountains
Distribution outside California: circumboreal
Flowering time: Jul–Sep
Ssp. angustifolium (2n=36), farther n and higher, might be expected in CA
Recent taxonomic note: Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub subsp. circumvagum (Mosq.) Hoch
Horticultural information: SUN: 4, 5, 6 &IRR: 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; STBL; INV; CVS non-CA.