TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
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©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
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Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, generally simple and toothed (to pinnately compound); stipules 0 or generally deciduous
Inflorescence: spike, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary in axils; bracted
Flower generally bisexual, generally radial, opening at dawn or dusk; hypanthium sometimes prolonged beyond ovary (measured from ovary tip to sepal base); sepals generally 4(27); petals generally 4 (or as many as sepals, rarely 0), often "fading" darker; stamens generally 4 or 8(2), anthers 2-chambered, opening lengthwise, pollen generally interconnected by threads; ovary inferior, chambers generally 4 (sometimes becoming 1), placentas axile or parietal, ovules 1many per chamber, style 1, stigma 4-lobed (or lobes as many as sepals), club-shaped, or hemispheric
Fruit: capsule, loculicidal (sometimes berry or indehiscent and nut-like)
Seeds sometimes winged or hair-tufted
Genera in family: 15 genera, ± 650 species: worldwide, especially w North America; many cultivated (Clarkia, Epilobium, Fuchsia, Gaura, Oenothera )
Reference: [Munz 1965 North America Fl II 5:1278]
Annual, perennial herb, from taproot or lateral roots
Leaves basal, cauline, or both, alternate, simple to 2-pinnate
Inflorescence bracted; spike, raceme, or flowers solitary in axils
Flower radial, generally opening at dawn (rarely at dusk); sepals 4, reflexed (sometimes 23 remaining adherent); petals 4, yellow, white, lavender, often with darker basal spots, generally fading purplish or reddish; stamens (4)8, longer ones opposite sepals, anthers generally attached at middle (or base), pollen grains 3-angled except in polyploid taxa (visible with hand lens); ovary chambers 4, stigma ± head-like or hemispheric, generally > anthers and cross-pollinated (or ± = anthers and self-pollinated)
Fruit straight to coiled, generally sessile
Seeds in 12 rows per chamber
Species in genus: 62 species: w North America (especially CA-FP), 1 South America
Etymology: (L.A. von Chamisso, French-born German botanist, 17811838)
Reference: [Raven 1969 Contr US Natl Herb 37:161396]
Polyploidy and self-pollination have predominated in evolution of genus. Previously included in Oenothera (" O." in synonyms).
Native |
Annual
Stem 370 cm
Leaves generally basal, generally 1-pinnate; terminal leaflet 890 mm, lanceolate to cordate; lateral leaflets < 25 mm or 0
Inflorescence nodding
Flower generally opening at dusk; hypanthium 16.5 mm; sepals 28 mm, tips in bud free and subterminal or not; petals 1.58 mm, yellow or white; stamens ± equal
Fruit ascending or spreading, 838 mm, wider to tip, straight or curved; pedicel 440 mm
Seeds in 2 rows per chamber, 0.61.5 mm
Chromosomes: 2n=14
Ecology: Sandy or rocky slopes or washes
Elevation: -702000 m.
Bioregional distribution: Peninsular Ranges, Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert
Distribution outside California: to Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, nw Mexico
Synonyms: O. c. Torr. & Frémont
Cross-pollinated; most complex, widespread sp. in genus; 11 subspp., 8 in CA.
Native |
Plant strigose below, glabrous and glaucous above
Leaf: terminal leaflet < 50 mm, lanceolate; lateral leaflets 0few, small
Flower: hypanthium 3.56 mm; sepal tips not free in bud; petals 3.57 mm, yellow, bases generally red-dotted
Ecology: Sandy soils, sagebrush scrub
Elevation: 12001700 m.
Bioregional distribution: East of Sierra Nevada, Desert Mountains
Synonyms: O. c. subsp. l. (A. Heller) P.H. Raven