TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL	previous taxon | next taxon Jepson Interchange (more information)
	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

APIACEAE

CARROT FAMILY

Lincoln Constance

Annual, biennial, perennial herb (rarely shrub, tree), often from taproot
Stem often ± scapose, generally ribbed, hollow
Leaves basal and generally some cauline, generally alternate; stipules generally 0; petiole base generally sheathing stem; blade generally much dissected, sometimes compound
Inflorescence: umbel or head, simple or compound, generally peduncled; bracts present (in involucres) or not; bractlets generally present (in involucels)
Flowers many, small, generally bisexual (or some staminate), generally radial (or outer bilateral); calyx 0 or lobes 5, small, atop ovary; petals 5, free, generally ovate or spoon-shaped, generally incurved at tips, generally ± ephemeral; stamens 5; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 2-chambered, generally with a ± conic, persistent projection or platform on top subtending 2 free styles
Fruit: 2 dry, 1-seeded halves that separate from each other but generally remain attached for some time to a central axis; ribs on each half 5, 2 marginal and 3 on back; oil tubes 1–several per interval between ribs
Genera in family: 300 genera, 3,000 species: ± worldwide, especially temp; many cultivated for food or spice (e.g., Carum, caraway; Daucus; Petroselinum); some highly toxic (e.g., Conium). Underground structures here called roots, but true nature remains problematic. Mature fruit generally critical in identification; shapes generally given in outline, followed by shape in X -section of 2 fruit halves together.

SANICULA

Biennial, perennial herb, rhizomed or tap- or tuberous-rooted, glabrous or minutely scabrous
Stem generally spreading or erect
Leaf: blade oblong-ovate to obovate, entire to ternately, palmately, subpinnately, or pinnately lobed, dissected, or compound
Inflorescence: heads simple, in cymes or racemes, dense, of bisexual and staminate (or only staminate) flowers; bracts entire or lobed, < to > heads; bisexual flowers pedicelled or not, staminate generally pedicelled
Flower: calyx lobes prominent, persistent, sometimes fused; petals wide, yellow, red-purple, or greenish white, tips narrowed, often lobed; styles long or short; projection atop ovary 0
Fruit oblong-ovate to round, slightly compressed side-to-side; fruit-halves subcylindric, covered with prickles, scales, or tubercles; ribs 0; oil tubes evident or obscure, regularly or irregularly arranged; fruit central axis not an obvious structure
Seed: face flat or grooved
Species in genus: ± 40 species: temp, ± worldwide
Etymology: (Latin: to heal)
Reference: [Bell 1954 Univ Calif Publ Bot 27:133–230]

Native

S. tuberosa Torr.

Plant 5–80 cm, slender; tuber 5–15 mm wide, spheric
Leaf compound, ternate then 1–2-pinnate, green, glaucous, or purplish; blade 2–13 cm, triangular to ovate, leaflets entire to deeply pinnately lobed
Inflorescence: peduncles 0.5–8.5 cm; bracts 6–10, 1–3 mm, oblong to lanceolate, fused, < heads; pedicel of bisexual flower 0, of staminate 2–7 mm, often >> fruit
Flowers: bisexual 3–5; staminate 4–10; calyx lobes 0.3–0.5 mm, ovate, acute, fused below middle; corolla yellow; styles ± 3 X calyx lobes
Fruit 1.5–2 mm, ovate to nearly round, with rounded, unarmed tubercles
Seed: face flat
Chromosomes: 2n=16
Ecology: Open gravelly meadows, chaparral, woodland, pine forest
Elevation: 150–2700 m.
Bioregional distribution: North Coast Ranges, Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, San Francisco Bay Area, South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges
Distribution outside California: Baja California
Variable
Horticultural information: DFCLT.