TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL	previous taxon | next taxon Jepson Interchange (more information)
	©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California Print edition is available from the University of California Press

	The second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012) is available from the University of California Press
	See also the Jepson eFlora, which parallels the Second Edition

APIACEAE

CARROT FAMILY

Lincoln Constance

Annual, biennial, perennial herb (rarely shrub, tree), often from taproot
Stem often ± scapose, generally ribbed, hollow
Leaves basal and generally some cauline, generally alternate; stipules generally 0; petiole base generally sheathing stem; blade generally much dissected, sometimes compound
Inflorescence: umbel or head, simple or compound, generally peduncled; bracts present (in involucres) or not; bractlets generally present (in involucels)
Flowers many, small, generally bisexual (or some staminate), generally radial (or outer bilateral); calyx 0 or lobes 5, small, atop ovary; petals 5, free, generally ovate or spoon-shaped, generally incurved at tips, generally ± ephemeral; stamens 5; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 2-chambered, generally with a ± conic, persistent projection or platform on top subtending 2 free styles
Fruit: 2 dry, 1-seeded halves that separate from each other but generally remain attached for some time to a central axis; ribs on each half 5, 2 marginal and 3 on back; oil tubes 1–several per interval between ribs
Genera in family: 300 genera, 3,000 species: ± worldwide, especially temp; many cultivated for food or spice (e.g., Carum, caraway; Daucus; Petroselinum); some highly toxic (e.g., Conium). Underground structures here called roots, but true nature remains problematic. Mature fruit generally critical in identification; shapes generally given in outline, followed by shape in X -section of 2 fruit halves together.

CICUTA

WATER HEMLOCK

Perennial, glabrous; rhizome divided internally into chambers, with sap that oxidizes to reddish brown, bearing fibrous or tuberous roots
Stem erect, hollow
Leaf: blade oblong to triangular-ovate, 1–3-pinnate or ternate-pinnate, leaflets linear to ovate-lanceolate, serrate or irregularly cut
Inflorescence: umbels compound; bracts generally 0; bractlets generally inconspicuous; rays, pedicels many, spreading
Flower: calyx lobes minute; petals wide, white, tips narrowed
Fruit ovate to round, slightly compressed side-to-side; ribs low, corky, sometimes unequally spaced; oil tubes per rib-interval 1; fruit axis divided to base
Seed: face flat or concave
Species in genus: ± 4 species: Eurasia, North America
Etymology: (Ancient Latin name)
Reference: [Mulligan & Munro 1981 Canad J Plant Sci 61:93–105]
More evidence from ripe fruit and chromosomes needed to substantiate proposed cryptic species TOXIC: both species below contain cicutoxin, a virulent poison; many livestock and human deaths recorded. The most lethally toxic native plants.

Native

C. maculata L.

Plant 10–15 dm
Leaf 1–4 dm, ovate to triangular-ovate, 1–2-pinnate; leaflets 2–10 cm, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely to sparsely serrate, areas surrounded by veins on lower surface fine, generally rounded or square
Inflorescence: umbels compound, terminal and lateral; peduncles 2.5–12 cm; rays 15–30, 2–4.5 cm; pedicels 15–30, 2–10 mm
Fruit 3–4 mm, generally ovate; ribs generally as wide as to much narrower than intervals between
Chromosomes: 2n=22
Ecology: Wet places
Elevation: < 2000 m.
Bioregional distribution: s Sacramento Valley (Suisun Marshes), Central Coast, South Coast, San Bernardino Mountains, Great Basin Floristic Province
Distribution outside California: to Alaska, c Mexico
Varieties distinguishable in CA chiefly by habitat, geog.

Native

var. angustifolia Hook.

Leaf generally 1–2-pinnate
Flower: styles < 1 mm
Ecology: Wet meadows, etc.
Elevation: 1500–2100 m.
Bioregional distribution: San Bernardino Mountains, Great Basin Floristic Province
Flowering time: Jun–Sep
Synonyms: C. occidentalis Greene, C. valida Greene