TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL (1993) |
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©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora. |
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Annual, perennial herb, shrubs, generally bristly or sharply hairy
Stem prostrate to erect
Leaves cauline, often with basal rosette, generally simple, alternate; lower sometimes opposite, entire
Inflorescence: cyme, generally elongate, panicle-, raceme- or spike-like, coiled in flower, generally uncoiled in fruit or flowers 12 per axil
Flowers generally bisexual, generally radial; sepals 5, free or fused in lower half; corolla 5-lobed, generally salverform, top of tube generally appendaged, appendages 5, alternating with stamens, sometimes arching over tube; stamens 5, epipetalous; ovary superior, generally 4-lobed, style generally entire
Fruit: nutlets 14, smooth to variously roughened, sometimes prickly or bristled
Genera in family: ± 100 genera, ± 2000 species: tropical, temp, especially w North America, Medit; some cultivated (Borago, Echium, Myosotis, Symphytum ).Almost all genera may be TOXIC from alkaloids or accumulated nitrates
Recent taxonomic note: Recently treated to include Hydrophyllaceae [Olmsted et al. 2000 Mol Phylog Evol 16:96112]
Family description, key to genera by Timothy C. Messick.
Perennial; root thick, carrot-like
Stems ascending to erect
Leaves generally cauline; lower petioled; upper short-petioled to sessile; blade lanceolate to ovate
Inflorescence terminal or axillary, generally peduncled, coiled in flower
Flower: calyx deeply lobed, bristly; corolla bell-shaped to ± urn-shaped, throat appendages 5, ± = stamens, papillate, alternating with stamens; stamens inserted on upper tube; style exserted
Fruit: nutlets 14, ovoid; tip ± incurved, scar at base ± flat with thick, ring-like, minutely toothed rim
Species in genus: 35 species: Eurasia
Etymology: (Greek: growing together, from putative healing properties)
Reference: [Gadella 1984 Ann Missouri Bot Gard 71:10611067]
Orn, folk medicine, cultivated for forage.