Common Name: SUNFLOWER FAMILY Habit: Annual to tree. Leaf: basal and/or cauline, alternate, opposite, rarely whorled, simple to 2+ × compound. Inflorescence: 1° inflorescence a head, resembling a flower, of several types (see below), 1--many in generally +- cyme-like cluster; each head generally with +- calyx-like involucre of 1--many series of phyllaries (involucre bracts); receptacle of head flat to conic or columnar, paleate (bearing paleae = receptacle bracts) or epaleate; flowers 1--many per head. Flower: bisexual, unisexual, or sterile, +- small, of several types (see below); calyx 0 or modified into +- persistent pappus of bristles, scales, and/or awns; corolla radial or bilateral (0), lobes generally (0)3--5; stamens 4--5, filaments generally free, generally fused to corolla at tube/throat junction, anthers generally fused into cylinder around style, anther base generally rounded or cordate (deeply sagittate or with tail-like appendages), tip (= flattened appendage) generally projecting beyond pollen sac; pistil 1, 2-carpeled, ovary inferior, 1-chambered, 1-seeded, placenta basal, style 1, tip generally +- 2-branched (except in some staminate disk flowers), branch tips truncate or generally bearing +- brush-like appendages; stigmas 2, generally on adaxial faces of style branches. Fruit: achene (also called a cypsela) (drupe in Chrysanthemoides), cylindric to ovoid, sometimes compressed, generally deciduous with pappus attached. Genera In Family: +- 1500 genera, 23000 species: worldwide, many habitats. Note: Flower and head types differ in form and sexual condition. A disk flower has a generally radial corolla, with a cylindric tube, expanded throat, and generally 5 lobes. Disk flowers are generally bisexual and fertile but occasionally staminate with reduced ovaries. Discoid heads comprise only disk flowers. A radiant head is a variant of a discoid head, with peripheral disk flower corollas expanded, often bilateral. A ray flower corolla is bilateral, generally with a slender tube and flattened petal-like ray (single lip composed of generally 3 lobes). Ray flowers are generally pistillate or sterile (occasionally lacking styles). Radiate heads have peripheral ray flowers and central disk flowers. Disciform heads superficially resemble discoid heads, with pistillate or sterile flowers that lack rays, together with or separate from disk flowers. A ligulate flower is bisexual, with a bilateral, generally ephemeral corolla and 5-lobed ligule. Liguliflorous heads comprise only ligulate flowers. See glossary p. 31 for illustrations of family characteristics. Echinops sphaerocephalus L., Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Gaillardia pulchella Foug., Hymenothrix loomisii S.F. Blake, Tagetes erecta L., Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze are waifs. Melampodium perfoliatum Kunth, historic urban waif. Ageratum conyzoides L., Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass., Santolina chamaecyparisus L., orth. var. are rare or uncommon escapes from cultivation. Dyssodia papposa, Ismelia carinata (Schousb.) Sch. Bip. [Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb.], Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cavill. are historical or extirpated waifs in California. Inula helenium L. not documented in California. Taxa of Aster in TJM (1993) treated here in Almutaster, Doellingeria, Eurybia, Ionactis, Oreostemma, Sericocarpus, Symphyotrichum; Chamomilla in Matricaria; Bahia in Hymenothrix; Cnicus in Centaurea; Conyza in Erigeron and Laennecia; Dugaldia in Hymenoxys; Erechtites in Senecio; Hymenoclea in Ambrosia; Lembertia in Monolopia; Osteospermum ecklonis in Dimorphotheca; Picris echioides in Helminthotheca; Prionopsis in Grindelia; Raillardiopsis in Anisocarpus and Carlquistia; Schkuhria multiflora in Picradeniopsis; Trimorpha in Erigeron; Venidium in Arctotis; Viguiera in Aldama and Bahiopsis; Whitneya in Arnica. Amauriopsis in TJM2 (2012) treated here in Hymenothrix; Arida in Leucosyris; Bahia in Picradeniopsis; Eucephalus in Doellingeria. Unabridged Note: Largest family of vascular plants in California and of eudicots globally. eFlora Treatment Author: David J. Keil, except as noted Scientific Editor: David J. Keil, Bruce G. Baldwin.
Etymology: (Donald W. Kyhos, California botanist, b. 1929) eFlora Treatment Author: Bruce G. Baldwin Reference: Baldwin & Strother 2006 FNANM 21:295--296 Unabridged Reference: Carlquist et al. 2003 Tarweeds and silverswords: evolution of the Madiinae (Asteraceae)
Kyhosia bolanderi (A. Gray) B.G. Baldwin
NATIVE Habit: Perennial herb 5--12 dm, from rhizome; strongly scented. Stem: erect. Leaf: basal and cauline, proximal opposite and in rosette, distal alternate, sessile, 5--35 cm, 4--15 wide, lance-linear to linear, entire, coarse-hairy, distal finely stalked-glandular. Inflorescence: heads radiate, 1 or in loose, +- flat-topped cluster; involucre +- bell-shaped to hemispheric, 6--12+ mm diam; phyllaries 8--12 in 1 series, each mostly or wholly enveloping a ray ovary, falling with fruit, 7--14 mm, lanceolate to lance-linear, coarse-hairy, finely stalked-glandular; receptacle flat to convex, glabrous; paleae in 1 series between ray and disk flowers, weakly fused or free, deciduous. Ray Flower: 8--12; corolla bright yellow, ray 7--13 mm, 3-lobed. Disk Flower: 28--65; corolla 5--8 mm, bright yellow, hairy, tube < throat, lobes deltate; anthers +- dark purple, tips lance-ovate to ovate; style glabrous proximal to branches, tip awl-shaped, densely hairy.; anther bases sagittate. Fruit: ray fruit 5--7 mm, compressed, club-shaped, arched, glabrous or minutely bristly, black, tip beakless, pappus 0 or crown-like, <= 0.7 mm; disk fruit 5--9 mm, +- cylindric, straight or arched, minutely bristly, brown to black, pappus of 5--10 scales, 1--5 mm, straw-colored to +- purple, lanceolate to awl-shaped, ciliate to plumose. Chromosomes: 2n=12. Ecology: Meadows, streambanks; Elevation: 1000--2600 m. Bioregional Distribution: KR, CaRH, SNH; Distribution Outside California: southern Oregon. Flowering Time: Jul--Sep Note: Self-sterile. Synonyms: Madia bolanderi (A. Gray) A. Gray Jepson eFlora Author: Bruce G. Baldwin Reference: Baldwin & Strother 2006 FNANM 21:295--296 Index of California Plant Names (ICPN; linked via the Jepson Online Interchange) Previous taxon: Kyhosia Next taxon: Lactuca
Botanical illustration including Kyhosia bolanderi
Citation for this treatment: Bruce G. Baldwin 2012, Kyhosia bolanderi, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=77553, accessed on April 23, 2024.
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2024, Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/, accessed on April 23, 2024.
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(Note: any qualifiers in the taxon distribution description, such as 'northern', 'southern', 'adjacent' etc., are not reflected in the map above, and in some cases indication of a taxon in a subdivision is based on a single collection or author-verified occurence).
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Duplicates counted once; synonyms included.
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