Jepson Herbarium
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Indexes to all accepted names and synonyms: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |

Shrub, tree, evergreen or not; monoecious.
Leaf: simple, alternate, petioled; margin entire to lobed; stipules small, generally deciduous.
Staminate inflorescence: catkin or stiff spike, many-flowered.
Pistillate inflorescence: 1–few-flowered, generally above staminate inflorescence; involucre bracts many, generally overlapping, flat or cylindric.
Staminate flower: calyx generally 4–6-lobed, minute; petals 0; stamens 4–12+.
Pistillate flower: calyx generally 6-lobed, minute; petals 0; ovary inferior, style branches generally 3.
Fruit: 1 nut subtended, partly enclosed by scaly, cup-like involucre or 1–3 nuts subtended, enclosed by spiny, bur-like involucre; mature yrs 1–2.
Seed: generally 1.
7 genera, ± 900 species: generally n hemisphere. [Li et al. 2004 Int J Plant Sci 165:311–324] Wood of Quercus critical for pre-20th century ship-building, charcoal for metallurgy; some now supply wood (Fagus, Quercus), cork (Quercus suber), food (Castanea, chestnut). Lithocarpus densiflorus moved to Notholithocarpus. —Scientific Editor: Thomas J. Rosatti.
Unabridged references: [Li, R.-Q., Chen, Z.-D., Lu, A.-M., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., & Manos, P. S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships in Fagales based on DNA sequences from three genomes. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165: 311–324.]

Key to Fagaceae

Evergreen or not.
Leaf: stipules small, generally early- deciduous.
Staminate inflorescence: catkins, 1–several, pendent, slender, proximal on twig.
Pistillate inflorescence: in upper leaf axils, short-stalked; flower generally 1.
Staminate flower: stamens 4–10.
Pistillate flower: calyx minute, generally 6-lobed; ovary enclosed by involucre.
Fruit: nut 1, partly enclosed by cup-like involucre (cup) with appressed scales ( nut and cup = acorn); scales tubercled to not; mature yrs 1 (on younger stems) or 2 (on older stems).
2n=24.
± 600 species: n hemisphere, to n South America, India. (Latin: ancient name for oak) [Manos et al. 1999 Molec Phylogen Evol 12:333–349] Many named hybrids; those (3) treated here form widespread populations; most others occur as single individuals, and some but not all of these are mentioned here, under the first parent treated (alphabetically). Reproduction of many species declining due to habitat degradation or loss as well as disease.
Unabridged references: [Manos, P. S., Doyle, J. J., & Nixon, K. C. 1999. Phylogeny, biogeography, and processes of molecular differentiation of Quercus subgenus Quercus (Fagaceae). Molec Phylogen Evol 12: 333–349.]

Shrub 1–3 m, evergreen; twigs tomentose, glabrous in age or not.
Leaf: 1.5–3 cm; petiole < 5 mm; blade oblong to elliptic, adaxially convex, puberulent, dull green, abaxially short-hairy, pale green, tip spiny or abruptly pointed, margin wavy, often inrolled, toothed, teeth spine-tipped or abruptly pointed.
Fruit: cup 12–18 mm wide, 4–6 mm deep, bowl-shaped, scales tubercled; nut 15–25 mm, ovoid to cylindric, tip obtuse or rounded, shell glabrous inside; mature yr 1. Hybridizes with Quercus berberidifolia, Quercus garryana (Quercus ×subconvexa J.M. Tucker). [Online Interchange]

Leaf: adaxially ± convex; abaxially densely short-hairy when young; margin inrolled or not.
Chaparral, granitics; 450–1000 m. se Western Transverse Ranges, San Gabriel Mountains (s slope).

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Red area (if present) is the part of the bioregion lying between the upper and lower elevation limits of the taxon; markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Map made in collaboration with Scott Loarie. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.