Jepson Herbarium
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Indexes to all accepted names and synonyms: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |

Shrub, tree, evergreen or not; monoecious.
Leaf: simple, alternate, petioled; margin entire to lobed; stipules small, generally deciduous.
Staminate inflorescence: catkin or stiff spike, many-flowered.
Pistillate inflorescence: 1–few-flowered, generally above staminate inflorescence; involucre bracts many, generally overlapping, flat or cylindric.
Staminate flower: calyx generally 4–6-lobed, minute; petals 0; stamens 4–12+.
Pistillate flower: calyx generally 6-lobed, minute; petals 0; ovary inferior, style branches generally 3.
Fruit: 1 nut subtended, partly enclosed by scaly, cup-like involucre or 1–3 nuts subtended, enclosed by spiny, bur-like involucre; mature yrs 1–2.
Seed: generally 1.
7 genera, ± 900 species: generally n hemisphere. [Li et al. 2004 Int J Plant Sci 165:311–324] Wood of Quercus critical for pre-20th century ship-building, charcoal for metallurgy; some now supply wood (Fagus, Quercus), cork (Quercus suber), food (Castanea, chestnut). Lithocarpus densiflorus moved to Notholithocarpus. —Scientific Editor: Thomas J. Rosatti.
Unabridged references: [Li, R.-Q., Chen, Z.-D., Lu, A.-M., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., & Manos, P. S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships in Fagales based on DNA sequences from three genomes. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165: 311–324.]

Key to Fagaceae

Evergreen.
Leaf: leathery, adaxially ± glabrous, green, abaxially golden, with densely spaced, minute, appressed scales, margin entire or ± wavy above middle; stipules generally deciduous.
Staminate inflorescence: branched or not, stiff, clustered or not, ascending to erect.
Pistillate inflorescence: clustered below staminate on same or separate stalk, 1–3-flowered.
Staminate flower: sepals generally 6, minute; stamens generally 8–10+.
Fruit: nuts 1–3, enclosed by spiny, bur-like involucre, ovoid to ± spheric, ± angled; mature yr 2.
2 species: w North America. (Greek: golden scale, from abaxial leaf)
Unabridged references: [Hjelmqvist 1960 Bot Not 113:373–380]

Shrub, tree < 30(45) m; top ± conic.
Stem: trunk bark ± thick, rough, furrowed.
Leaf: petiole 5–12 mm; blade 5–15 cm, lanceolate to oblong, adaxially dark green, abaxially golden, base tapered, tip abruptly long- tapered.
Fruit: bur 3–5 cm diam; nut 6–15 mm. [Online Interchange]

Tree 15–30(45) m.
Leaf: blade ± flat.
Conifer forest; < 2000 m. Northwestern California, n Cascade Range, n High Sierra Nevada (El Dorado Co.), Central Coast, San Francisco Bay Area;

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may provide evidence for eFlora range revision or may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.