Jepson Herbarium
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Annual to tree.
Leaf: basal and/or cauline, alternate, opposite, rarely whorled, simple to 2+ × compound.
Inflorescence: 1° inflorescence a head, resembling a flower, of several types (see below), 1–many in generally ± cyme-like cluster; each head generally with ± calyx-like involucre of 1–many series of phyllaries (involucral bracts); receptacle of head flat to conic or columnar, paleate (bearing paleae = receptacle bracts) or epaleate; flowers 1–many per head.
Flower: bisexual, unisexual, or sterile, ± small, of several types (see below); calyx 0 or modified into ± persistent pappus of bristles, scales, and/or awns; corolla radial or bilateral (0), lobes generally (0)3–5; stamens 4–5, filaments generally free, generally fused to corolla at tube/ throat junction, anthers generally fused into cylinder around style, anther base generally rounded or cordate (deeply sagittate or with tail-like appendages), tip (= flattened appendage) generally projecting beyond pollen sac; pistil 1, 2-carpeled, ovary inferior, 1-chambered, 1-seeded, placenta basal, style 1, tip generally ± 2-branched (except in some staminate disk flowers), branch tips truncate or generally bearing ± brush-like appendages; stigmas 2, generally on adaxial faces of style branches.
Fruit: achene (also called a cypsela) ( drupe in Chrysanthemoides), cylindric to ovoid, sometimes compressed, generally deciduous with pappus attached.
± 1500 genera, 23000 species: worldwide, many habitats. Fl and head types differ in form and sexual condition. A disk flower has a generally radial corolla, with a cylindric tube, expanded throat, and generally 5 lobes. Disk flowers are generally bisexual and fertile but occasionally staminate with reduced ovaries. Discoid heads comprise only disk flowers. A radiant head is a variant of a discoid head, with peripheral disk flower corollas expanded, often bilateral. A ray flower corolla is bilateral, generally with a slender tube and flattened petal-like ray (single lip composed of generally 3 lobes). Ray flowers are generally pistillate or sterile (occasionally lacking styles). Radiate heads have peripheral ray flowers and central disk flowers. Disciform heads superficially resemble discoid heads, with pistillate or sterile flowers that lack rays, together with or separate from disk flowers. A ligulate flower is bisexual, with a bilateral, generally ephemeral corolla and 5-lobed ligule. Liguliflorous heads comprise only ligulate flowers. See glossary p. 31 for illustrations of family characteristics. Echinops sphaerocephalus L., Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Gaillardia pulchella Foug., Hymenothrix loomisii S.F. Blake, Tagetes erecta L., Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze are waifs. Melampodium perfoliatum Kunth, historic urban waif. Ageratum conyzoides L., Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass., Santolina chamaecyparisus L., orth. var. are rare or uncommon escapes from cultivation. Dyssodia papposa, Ismelia carinata (Schousb.) Sch. Bip. [Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb.], Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cavill. are historical or extirpated waifs in CA. Inula helenium L. not documented in CA. Taxa of Aster in TJM (1993) treated here in Almutaster, Eucephalus, Eurybia, Ionactis, Oreostemma, Sericocarpus, Symphyotrichum; Chamomilla in Matricaria; Cnicus in Centaurea; Conyza in Erigeron and Laennecia; Dugaldia in Hymenoxys; Erechtites in Senecio; Hymenoclea in Ambrosia; Lembertia in Monolopia; Osteospermum ecklonis in Dimorphotheca; Picris echioides in Helminthotheca; Prionopsis in Grindelia; Raillardiopsis in Anisocarpus and Carlquistia; Schkuhria multiflora in Bahia; Trimorpha in Erigeron; Venidium in Arctotis; Whitneya in Arnica. —Scientific Editors: David J. Keil, Bruce G. Baldwin.
Unabridged note: Largest family of vascular plants in CA and of eudicots globally.

Key to Asteraceae

Annual or perennial herb from taproot, occasionally with branched caudex, generally scapose; sap milky.
Leaf: generally all basal, generally lanceolate to oblanceolate, long- tapered to obtuse, entire, toothed, or 1–2-pinnately lobed, 1° lobes generally ± opposite, generally on proximal 2/3; 2° lobes 0–1; faces glabrous to densely hairy, hairs generally white-opaque and glandless.
Inflorescence: heads liguliflorous, 1, erect, long-peduncled; involucre cylindric to ovoid or bell-shaped in flower, ovoid in fruit, glabrous to densely hairy, hairs white-opaque and glandless or colorless- or yellow-translucent (occasionally with purple cross-walls) and glandular, glands generally yellow, occasionally purple; phyllaries in 2–5(+) series, ± equal in flower, often strongly graduated in fruit, generally entire, green to rosy-purple, often with darker spots or midstripe, outer erect or tips spreading to recurved, inner erect, elongating with fruit or not, ± reflexed when dry; receptacle flat, epaleate ( paleate), generally pitted.
Flower: 5–500; ligules ± equaling to much exceeding involucre, yellow, or orange, pink, red, or purple, readily withering.
Fruit: cylindric to fusiform or obconic (inflated), ± 10-ribbed, generally ± white to brown or purple-black (gray), glabrous to minutely coarse-hairy or puberulent; beak << to >> body (0); pappus of many fine, simple, white bristles.
11 species: Am. (Greek: chief or goat + chicory, meaning is obscure) [Baird 2006 FNANM 19:323–335] Closely related to Nothocalais. Self-pollination complicates variation in some species; polyploidy and hybridization blur distinctions between some taxa.
Unabridged references: [Baird 1996 Ph.D. Dissertation Univ of Texas, Austin]

Perennial 10–45 cm, decumbent to ± erect, stems occasionally buried by drifting sand and rhizome-like.
Leaf: petiole ± purple; blade 3–10(15) cm, rounded to short- tapered, entire to lobed; lobes, if present, generally 3–5(+) pairs, ± spreading.
Inflorescence: peduncle becoming ± glabrous, base generally remaining densely hairy, base of head glabrous to densely hairy, glandular or not; involucre 10–15 mm in flower, 15–25 mm in fruit; phyllaries green to rosy-purple, sometimes spotted, outer generally obtuse, glabrous to tomentose, hairs generally colorless- or yellow-translucent (occasionally with purple cross-walls) and glandular, or white-opaque and glandless, margin ciliate to densely hairy; inner elongating with fruit.
Flower: 25–200; tube 2–5 mm, ligule yellow.
Fruit: outermost generally different or all alike; body 3–5 mm, tip ± abruptly tapered; ribs glabrous to minutely rough-hairy; beak 1–8 mm, generally slender, (< 1)1–2 × body; pappus bristles 4–9 mm, in 2–3 series.
2n=20,36. Hybridizes with Agoseris grandiflora, Agoseris heterophylla, Agoseris hirsuta. [Online Interchange]

Generally reclining to prostrate.
Leaf: blade generally 15–30 mm wide except lobes, generally oblanceolate to ± spoon-shaped, generally toothed to lobed; lobes oblanceolate to ± spoon-shaped; generally densely hairy to tomentose, hairs mostly ± yellow-translucent.
Inflorescence: involucre hairy to tomentose, hairs generally yellow-translucent and glandular; outer phyllaries ovate to obovate, margin generally tomentose.
Flower: ligules 8–16 mm, much exceeding phyllaries; anthers 3.5–4.5 mm.
Fruit: body generally fusiform to obconic; ribs straight, ± reduced proximally.
Coastal dunes, sand hills; < 50 m. c&s North Coast, n Central Coast (Point Reyes n to Mendocino).

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Red area (if present) is the part of the bioregion lying between the upper and lower elevation limits of the taxon; markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Map made in collaboration with Scott Loarie. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.