Jepson Herbarium
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Annual to perennial herb [ tree].
Leaf: generally cauline, generally simple, generally alternate, petioled or not; stipules 0.
Inflorescence: cyme, panicle, raceme, spike, or flowers 1; terminal or in axils of leaf-like or reduced bracts.
Flower: bisexual, cleistogamous or open, radial or bilateral, inverted ( pedicel twisted 180°) or not; hypanthium generally present, ± fused to ovary; sepals generally 5; corolla radial to 2-lipped, petals generally fused, tube deeply divided on 1 side or not, lobes generally 5; stamens 5, free or ± fused ( anthers, filaments fused into tube or filaments fused above middle); ovary inferior or 1/2 inferior (superior in fruit), chambers 1–3, placentas axile or parietal, ovules many, style generally 1, 2–5-branched.
Fruit: generally capsule, open on sides or top by pores or short valves.
Seed: many.
± 90 genera, ± 2500 species: worldwide. [Haberle et al. 2008 J Molec Evol 66:350–361] Some cultivated for ornamental (Campanula, Jasione, Lobelia). Subfamilies sometimes treated as families. Positions of flower parts given after flowering inversion, if any. Parishella moved to Nemacladus. —Scientific Editor: Thomas J. Rosatti.
Unabridged references: [Lammers 2007 World Checklist and Bibliography of Campanulaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.]

Key to Campanulaceae

Biennial, perennial herb [ shrub], glabrous or hairy.
Leaf: mostly basal or all cauline, 0.5–1.5 cm wide, lance- linear to elliptic, sessile, margin with small, gland-tipped teeth; cauline alternate.
Inflorescence: raceme [or spike or panicle].
Flower: bilateral, inverted in full bloom by twisted pedicel; corolla red, blue (or white), tube entire or with an upper sinus, limb strongly 2-lipped, 2 lobes of upper lip < 3 of lower; stamens fused, generally 2 smaller anthers each with terminal tuft of bristles, 1 sometimes triangular or horn-like, others linear, shorter; ovary ± spheric, chambers 2, placentas 2, axile.
Fruit: spheric, valves 2, at top, within sepals, short.
± 350 species: ± worldwide. (Matthias de l'Obel, Flemish botanist, 1538–1616)

Biennial, short-lived perennial herb.
Stem: erect, 4–20 dm, < 1.5 cm diam, purple-red.
Flower: corolla glabrous, red (white), tube 15–20 mm, upper sinus >> lateral; anther tube 3.5–4.5 mm, triangular bristle at tips of 2 shorter anthers 0.
n=7. Stream bottoms; 450–1600 m. San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, Peninsular Ranges, Desert Mountains (Panamint Range);

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Red area (if present) is the part of the bioregion lying between the upper and lower elevation limits of the taxon; markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Map made in collaboration with Scott Loarie. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.