Jepson Herbarium
		University of California, Berkeley

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Indexes to all accepted names and synonyms: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |

Annual to tree, vine.
Leaf: generally opposite ( whorled), entire; stipules generally fused to stem, adjacent pairs occasionally fused, or occasionally leaf-like and appearing like whorled leaves.
Inflorescence: cyme, panicle, spike, cluster, or flower 1, generally terminal and ± axillary.
Flower: generally bisexual; calyx ± 4(5)-lobed, occasionally 0 (Galium, Crucianella) or 6 (Sherardia); corolla generally radial, 4(5)-lobed; stamens epipetalous, alternate corolla lobes, generally included; ovary generally inferior, chambers generally 2 or 4, style 1(2).
Fruit: drupe, berry, or 2 or 4 nutlets [ capsule].
± 500 genera, 6000 species: worldwide, especially tropics; many cultivated, including Coffea, coffee; Cinchona, quinine; many ornamental. [Robbrecht & Manen 2006 Syst & Geogr Plant 76:85–146] Diodia teres Walter doubtfully in CA. —Scientific Editors: Douglas H. Goldman, Bruce G. Baldwin.
Unabridged references: [Dempster 1979 Fl CA 4(2):1–47]

Key to Rubiaceae

Annual, perennial herb, occasionally ± shrubby, glabrous to hairy, generally scabrous; dioecious, bisexual, or flowers unisexual and bisexual.
Stem: 4-angled, occasionally ridged lengthwise.
Leaf: generally in whorls of >= 4, including leaf-like stipules.
Inflorescence: panicles, axillary clusters ( cymes), or occasionally 1 in axils.
Flower: bisexual, or unisexual with sterile stamens or pistils; calyx 0; corolla generally rotate, occasionally ± bell-shaped, generally ± green, yellow to white, occasionally pink or red, lobes generally 4; ovary 2-lobed, styles 2, bases ± fused.
Fruit: 2 nutlets or berry.
± 650 species: worldwide, especially temperate. (Greek: milk, from use of some species for curdling) [Dempster 1978 Univ Calif Publ Bot 73:1–33; Soza & Olmstead 2010 Amer J Bot 97:1630–1646] Ovary and fruit generally ± equally hairy on a plant; staminate plants generally identified by vestigial ovaries, pistillate plants generally by vestigial anthers. Galium saxatile L., Galium schultesii Vest, and Galium verum L. are lawn weeds in CA.
Unabridged references: [Dempster 1973 Univ Calif Publ Bot 64:1–36; Dempster & Ehrendorfer 1965 Brittonia 17:289–334; Dempster & Stebbins 1968 Univ Calif Publ Bot 46:1–52; Dempster & Stebbins 1971 Madroño 21:71–95]

Perennial ( annual), minutely scabrous.
Stem: 10–50 cm, slender, weak, tangled.
Leaf: in whorls of 4–6, 4–19 mm, linear to elliptic or oblong; tip rounded; petioled.
Inflorescence: several-flowered clusters, pedicels slender.
Flower: bisexual; corolla generally 3-lobed, rotate, white to ± pink, glabrous.
Fruit: nutlets, spheric, hard, glabrous, smooth, black when dry. [Online Interchange]
Unabridged note: 5 subspp. Native to most of US (except SE), Can, Eur, Mex.

Plant dwarfed, tufted or matted.
Stem: generally <= 15 cm.
2n=24. Montane meadows, lake margins; 1700–3200 m. Klamath Ranges, High Cascade Range, High Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino Mountains, San Jacinto Mountains, Warner Mountains;

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may provide evidence for eFlora range revision or may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.