Jepson Herbarium
		University of California, Berkeley

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Indexes to all accepted names and synonyms: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |

Annual to tree, generally glandular, some ± aquatic.
Stem: round to square in ×-section.
Leaf: simple, generally alternate, generally ± entire; stipules generally 0 (present in Limosella).
Inflorescence: spike to panicle ( head-like), generally bracted, or flowers 1–4 in axils.
Flower: generally bisexual; calyx lobes 4–5; corolla bilateral to radial, lobes 4–5; stamens epipetalous, 4–5, 5th a staminode in Scrophularia; pistil 1, ovary superior, chambers generally 2, placentas axile, style 1, stigma lobes generally 2.
Fruit: capsule, generally ± ovoid, loculicidal or septicidal, or drupe-like.
± 65 genera, 1700 species: ± worldwide; some cultivated as ornamental (Verbascum). [Olmstead et al. 2001 Amer J Bot 88:348–361] Other taxa moved to Plantaginaceae (Antirrhinum, Bacopa, Collinsia, Cymbalaria, Digitalis, Dopatrium, Gambelia, Gratiola, Hebe, Holmgrenanthe, Keckiella, Kickxia, Limnophila, Linaria, Lindernia, Maurandella, Mohavea, Nothochelone, Penstemon, Pseudorontium, Stemodia, Synthyris, Tonella, Veronica), Orobanchaceae (Bellardia, Castilleja, Cordylanthus, Orthocarpus, Parentucellia, Pedicularis, Triphysaria), Phrymaceae (Mimulus). —Scientific Editors: Douglas H. Goldman, Bruce G. Baldwin.
Unabridged references: [Albach et al. 2005 Amer J Bot 92:297–315]

Key to Scrophulariaceae

[Annual] biennial, rosette large.
Stem: erect, simple or branched just proximal to inflorescence.
Leaf: basal and cauline, alternate, distal reduced.
Inflorescence: raceme or panicle, bracted.
Flower: calyx ± radial, deeply 5-lobed; corolla ± radial, ± rotate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, lower 2 filaments > upper 3, all or only upper hairy; stigma ± spheric.
Fruit: capsule, septicidal.
Seed: small, wingless, many.
± 360 species: Eurasia. (Latin: from root for bearded) [Donnelly et al. 1998 Amer J Bot 85:1618–1625]

Densely tomentose, hairs stellate or many-branched.
Stem: 30–200 cm, generally simple.
Leaf: basal short-petioled, 8–50 cm, oblanceolate, generally entire; cauline sessile, long- decurrent, 5–30 cm, lanceolate, generally entire.
Inflorescence: raceme, dense; bracts 12–18 mm; pedicels < 2 mm, generally fused to stem.
Flower: calyx 7–9 mm, lobes lanceolate; corolla 15–25(30) mm wide, yellow, glandular; upper 3 filaments white- or yellow-hairy, lower 2 glabrous to sparse-hairy.
Fruit: 7–10 mm, ovoid.
2n=32,34,36. Roadsides, streambanks, disturbed areas; < 2470 m. California Floristic Province, n East of Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau;

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Red area (if present) is the part of the bioregion lying between the upper and lower elevation limits of the taxon; markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Map made in collaboration with Scott Loarie. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.