Jepson Herbarium
		University of California, Berkeley

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Annual to perennial herb; rarely dioecious (Silene), taprooted or rhizome generally slender.
Leaf: simple, generally opposite (subwhorled), entire, pairs at nodes often ± connected at bases; stipules generally 0; petiole generally 0.
Inflorescence: generally cyme, generally open; flowers 1–many; involucre generally 0 (present in Dianthus, Petrorhagia).
Flower: generally bisexual, radial; hypanthium often present but obscure; sepals (4)5, ± free or fused into a tube, margins generally scarious, more so on inner 2 or not, tube generally not scarious, awns generally 0; petals (4)5 or 0, generally tapered to base (or with claw long, limb expanded), entire to 2–several-lobed, limb generally without scale-like appendages adaxially, generally without ear-like lobes at base; stamens generally 10, generally fertile, generally free, generally from ovary base; nectaries 0 or 5; ovary superior, generally 1-chambered, placentas basal or free-central, styles 2–5 with 0 branches or 1 with 2–3 branches.
Fruit: capsule or utricle (rarely ± dehiscent), generally sessile.
Seed: appendage generally 0 (present in Moehringia).
83 or 89 genera, 3000 species: widespread, especially arctic, alpine, temperate n hemisphere; some cultivated (Agrostemma, Arenaria, Cerastium, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Sagina, Saponaria, Silene, Vaccaria). [Rabeler & Hartman 2005 FNANM 5:3–215] Apetalous Caryophyllaceae can also be keyed in Rabeler & Hartman 2005 FNANM 5:5–8. —Scientific Editor: Thomas J. Rosatti.

Key to Caryophyllaceae

Annual, perennial herb, erect to prostrate; taprooted, rhizomed.
Stem: 4-angled or round.
Leaf: petioled or not; linear to ovate, vein 1.
Inflorescence: terminal or axillary, umbel-like or not, open to dense; flowers 1–many (if 1, axillary); peduncles, pedicels 0.8–50+ mm.
Flower: sepals (4)5, free, 1.5–5.5 mm, lanceolate to ovate, glabrous to glandular-hairy; petals 0 or (1)5, 0.8–7 mm, 2-lobed > 1/2 to base; stamens 10 or fewer; styles 3(4–5 in Stellaria calycantha), 0.2–2.8 mm.
Fruit: capsule, ± ovoid or spheric to cylindric-oblong; valves 6(8,10), ascending to recurved.
Seed: several to many, brown to ± yellow, ± red, or purple-brown.
± 190 species: worldwide. (Latin: star, from flower shape) [Morton 2005 FNANM 5:96–114] Presence of papillae on leaf margins determined at 20×.
Unabridged references: [Chinnappa & Morton 1991 Rhodora 93:129–135; Morton & Rabeler 1989 Canad J Bot 67:121–127; Morton 2005 FNANM 5:96–114]

Perennial, generally prostrate, 4–20 cm, generally glabrous; rhizome white.
Stem: internodes glabrous.
Leaf: ± evenly spaced; blade 5–12 mm, ± ovate; margin ± not papillate, ± flat, shiny, generally ciliate near base.
Inflorescence: flowers 1 in axils; pedicels ascending, in fruit spreading to reflexed.
Flower: sepals generally 4, 1.5–3.5 mm, ± ovate, ± obtuse, glabrous, margin ± thinly scarious, rib 1, obscure; petals 0.
Seed: 0.6–0.7 mm, dark brown, tubercles low, ± elongate.
2n=26,52,±65,±78. Moist areas in woodland, shaded edges of creeks; 1600–2000 m. North Coast Ranges, Cascade Range, c Sierra Nevada Foothills, n&c High Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau;

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Red area (if present) is the part of the bioregion lying between the upper and lower elevation limits of the taxon; markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may provide evidence for eFlora range revision or may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Map made in collaboration with Scott Loarie. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.