Jepson Herbarium
		University of California, Berkeley

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Annual to shrub, or non-green root parasite, generally bristly or sharp-hairy.
Stem: prostrate to erect.
Leaf: cauline, often with basal rosette, simple or compound, generally alternate.
Inflorescence: cymes, generally elongate, panicle-, raceme-, or spike-like, generally coiled in flower (often described as scorpioid), generally uncoiled in fruit, or heads, spikes, or panicles, or flowers 1–2 per axil.
Flower: bisexual, generally radial; sepals (4)5(10), fused at least at base, or free; corolla generally (4)5(10)-lobed, salverform, funnel-shaped, rotate, or bell-shaped, appendages 0 or 5 at top of tube, alternate stamens; stamens epipetalous; ovary superior, entire to 4-lobed, style 1(2), entire or 2-lobed or -branched.
Fruit: nutlets 1–4, free ( fused), smooth to roughened, prickly or bristly or not, or valvate or circumscissile capsule.
± 120 genera, ± 2300 species: tropics, temperate, especially w North America, Medit; some cultivated (Borago, Heliotropium, Echium, Myosotis, Nemophila, Phacelia, Symphytum). Many genera may be TOXIC from pyrrolizidine alkaloids or accumulated nitrates. [Olmsted et al. 2000 Molec Phylogen Evol 16:96–112] Recently treated to include Hydrophyllaceae, Lennoaceae. —Scientific Editors: Ronald B. Kelley, Robert Patterson, Bruce G. Baldwin, Thomas J. Rosatti.

Key to Boraginaceae

Annual, fleshy.
Stem: prostrate or reclined, many-branched, brittle; angles ± glabrous, bristly, or generally with hooked prickles.
Leaf: simple, cauline, lower opposite, upper alternate; petioles generally winged, clasping; blade pinnate-lobed, uppermost reduced, short-petioled, generally deltate, 3-lobed, with small, sharp bristles both surfaces.
Inflorescence: terminal, axillary, opposite leaves, or flowers 1; pedicels present.
Flower: calyx lobes hairy, bristly- ciliate; corolla rotate, lobes ± = tube, generally hairy; stamens included, equal, equally attached; ovary bristly-hairy, chamber appearing 1, style 1, 2-lobed in distal 1/2.
Fruit: spheric, stout-bristly-hairy.
Seed: 1–8, spheric, brown, pitted or honeycombed.
3 species: CA, AZ, Baja CA. (Greek: scale mouth)
Unabridged references: [Constance 1939 Bull Torrey Bot Club 66:341–352]

Stem: 5–90 cm, generally glaucous.
Leaf: petiole narrow-winged, not clasping; lower leaves 2–13 cm, 1–8 cm wide, blade oblong to ovate, base cordate or truncate, tip obtuse, lobes 5–11, oblong, obtuse, entire or 1-toothed.
Inflorescence: flowers generally 2–10 in cymes; pedicel 5–20 mm.
Flower: calyx lobes 1–3 mm, oblong, sinus appendages 0; corolla 3–6 mm, < 10 mm wide, white, lobe generally with purple spot; style 1–3 mm.
Fruit: 2–4 mm wide, not enclosed in calyx.
Seed: 1–2.
n=9. Beaches, bluffs, ravines, wooded slopes, desert washes; 40–1400 m. c&s Sierra Nevada Foothills, Tehachapi Mountain Area, San Joaquin Valley, Central Western California, Southwestern California, Desert;

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Red area (if present) is the part of the bioregion lying between the upper and lower elevation limits of the taxon; markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Map made in collaboration with Scott Loarie. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.