Jepson Herbarium
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Annual to perennial herb [ tree].
Leaf: generally cauline, generally simple, generally alternate, petioled or not; stipules 0.
Inflorescence: cyme, panicle, raceme, spike, or flowers 1; terminal or in axils of leaf-like or reduced bracts.
Flower: bisexual, cleistogamous or open, radial or bilateral, inverted ( pedicel twisted 180°) or not; hypanthium generally present, ± fused to ovary; sepals generally 5; corolla radial to 2-lipped, petals generally fused, tube deeply divided on 1 side or not, lobes generally 5; stamens 5, free or ± fused ( anthers, filaments fused into tube or filaments fused above middle); ovary inferior or 1/2 inferior (superior in fruit), chambers 1–3, placentas axile or parietal, ovules many, style generally 1, 2–5-branched.
Fruit: generally capsule, open on sides or top by pores or short valves.
Seed: many.
± 90 genera, ± 2500 species: worldwide. [Haberle et al. 2008 J Molec Evol 66:350–361] Some cultivated for ornamental (Campanula, Jasione, Lobelia). Subfamilies sometimes treated as families. Positions of flower parts given after flowering inversion, if any. Parishella moved to Nemacladus. —Scientific Editor: Thomas J. Rosatti.
Unabridged references: [Lammers 2007 World Checklist and Bibliography of Campanulaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.]

Key to Campanulaceae

Annual, from taproot.
Stem: prostrate, decumbent, or erect; base generally ± brown or ± purple; branches 0 or below middle.
Leaf: basal; petiole short or 0.
Inflorescence: ± raceme-like; bract 1 per flower, small; pedicel generally thread-like.
Flower: inverted or not; sepals linear to triangular; corolla ± radial or 2-lipped, lobes 5; filaments free at base, fused into tube around style distally, appendages attached to a stalk or directly on 2 adjacent filaments, each with 2–12 cells, anthers free, all alike; ovary superior to 1/2 inferior, hemispheric to obconic, nectary glands 3, mounded or donut-like, on free part of ovary, stigma 2-lobed, papillate.
Fruit: generally > hypanthium, hemispheric to fusiform, top pointed or rounded, chambers 2; open at top generally by 2 valves (or circumscissile).
Seed: elliptic to oblong.
18 species: sw US, nw Mex. (Greek: thread-like branch) [Morin 2008 J Bot Res Inst Texas 2:397–400] In descriptions, "filaments" including both free and fused parts thereof.
Unabridged references: [McVaugh 1942 N Amer Flora 32A:1–134]
Unabridged note: Taxonomic changes from TJM (1993) based on ITS, atpB, morphology. Parishella californica nested within Nemacladus, in which it is here treated.

Spreading to decumbent, 2–4(9) cm, branched from base.
Stem: spreading, stout; base shiny, purple.
Leaf: 5–10 mm, elliptic to oblanceolate, fleshy, entire to scalloped, hairy, narrowed to wide petiole.
Inflorescence: axis strongly zigzag; bracts 2–3 mm, widely elliptic, spreading or reflexed; pedicels 5–12 mm, 0.2 mm diam, spreading, straight, in age curved.
Flower: not inverted; hypanthium 1 mm; 2 adaxial, middle abaxial sepals linear- elliptic, 0.7 mm, 2 flanking abaxial sepals widely triangular, 1.4 mm; corolla divided to base, 2-lipped, white, 3 adaxial lobes erect, 0.2–0.4 mm, ovate, glabrous, veins and tips maroon, 2 abaxial 0.4–0.5 mm, oblong, acute; filaments declined, 1.2–1.6 mm, tip ± curved, glabrous, appendage pad near base of filaments, cells wide, blunt, anthers 0.2–0.3 mm; ovary ± inferior in fruit.
Fruit: 3–4 mm, base oblique, tip pointed.
Seed: 0.6–0.7 mm, elliptic, with wide zigzag ridges alternate pitted rows.
Bare soil, sand; 200–2500 m. Great Basin Floristic Province;

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Red area (if present) is the part of the bioregion lying between the upper and lower elevation limits of the taxon; markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Map made in collaboration with Scott Loarie. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.