Jepson Herbarium
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Annual to perennial herb [ tree].
Leaf: generally cauline, generally simple, generally alternate, petioled or not; stipules 0.
Inflorescence: cyme, panicle, raceme, spike, or flowers 1; terminal or in axils of leaf-like or reduced bracts.
Flower: bisexual, cleistogamous or open, radial or bilateral, inverted ( pedicel twisted 180°) or not; hypanthium generally present, ± fused to ovary; sepals generally 5; corolla radial to 2-lipped, petals generally fused, tube deeply divided on 1 side or not, lobes generally 5; stamens 5, free or ± fused ( anthers, filaments fused into tube or filaments fused above middle); ovary inferior or 1/2 inferior (superior in fruit), chambers 1–3, placentas axile or parietal, ovules many, style generally 1, 2–5-branched.
Fruit: generally capsule, open on sides or top by pores or short valves.
Seed: many.
± 90 genera, ± 2500 species: worldwide. [Haberle et al. 2008 J Molec Evol 66:350–361] Some cultivated for ornamental (Campanula, Jasione, Lobelia). Subfamilies sometimes treated as families. Positions of flower parts given after flowering inversion, if any. Parishella moved to Nemacladus. —Scientific Editor: Thomas J. Rosatti.
Unabridged references: [Lammers 2007 World Checklist and Bibliography of Campanulaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.]

Key to Campanulaceae

Annual, glabrous.
Stem: decumbent to erect, (10)20–40 cm.
Leaf: cauline, often deciduous before flower, 0.5–2(4) mm wide, lanceolate to awl-like (uppermost wider or not), sessile, generally entire.
Inflorescence: spike; terminal flowers often aborted, overtopped by fertile; pedicels 0.
Flower: bilateral, generally inverted at full bloom by twisted ovary; corolla generally >> calyx, blue to pink or white, generally with a symmetric white or yellow spot on lower lip, tube entire, limb strongly 2-lipped, upper lip lobes 2, lower lip generally with 2 low ridges, these often with 2 knob-like projections near throat, lobes 3, > upper, generally obovate, obtuse- mucronate; stamens fused ( filaments, anthers in tubes), generally 2 smallest anthers each with terminal tuft of bristles, 1 bristle triangular or horn-like, generally 0.2–0.5 mm, others linear, shorter; ovary inferior, long, narrow, ± pedicel-like, chambers 1–2, placentas parietal or axile.
Fruit: dehiscent on sides by 3–5 sometimes translucent slits, tardily so or not.
15 species: w North America, Chile. (A.J. Downing, Am horticulturist, 1815–1852) [Schultheis 2001 Syst Bot 26:603–621] Fl part positions ("upper" is adaxial; "lower" is abaxial) given at full bloom. Corolla measurements are from base of tube to tip of longest lobe, color included albino for ± all species. Based on geog, interfertility, cytology, and sequences of nuclear as well as chloroplast DNA, Downingia yina Applegate (as recognized in TJM (1993)) split here into 3 morphologically indistinguishable species whose limits need further study, only 2 of which are documented for CA: Downingia pulcherrima, Downingia willamettensis.
Unabridged references: [McVaugh 1941 Mem Torrey Bot Club 19:1–57; Weiler 1962 Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ of California, Berkeley; Schultheis 2001 Syst Bot 26:603–621]
Unabridged note: Fl part positions ("upper" is next to stem; "lower" is away from stem) given at full bloom. Corolla measurements are from base of tube to tip of longest lobe, color included albino for ± all species. Based on geog, interfertility, cytology, and sequences of nuclear as well as chloroplast DNA, Downingia yina (as recognized in TJM (1993)) split here into 3 morphologically indistinguishable species whose limits need further study: Downingia yina (as now circumscribed, not in CA, although possibly in – yet not documented for – n CaR), Downingia pulcherrima, and Downingia willamettensis. The present treatment comes after Downingia pulcherrima and Downingia willamettensis had been united under Downingia willamettensis, and that taxon in turn had been transferred to Downingia yina, as Downingia yina var. major (leaving the remainder of that sp. under Downingia yina var. yina).

Flower: not inverting; corolla 2.5–4 mm, <= calyx, lateral sinuses ± = lower, glabrous, upper lip 3-lobed, with 2 yellow spots near throat, ridges obscure or 0, lobes white or blue, narrowly triangular, acute; anthers < 45° to filaments; ovary glabrous to minutely spiny- scabrous, 2-chambered, placentas axile.
Fruit: 15–27 mm, lateral walls tough, lines translucent.
Seed: with spiral lines, appearing twisted.
n=11. Vernal pools, roadside ditches; < ± 150 m (488 m, NCoRI). s Outer North Coast Ranges, Inner North Coast Ranges, Sacramento Valley, n&c San Joaquin Valley, n San Francisco Bay Area;

Previous taxon: Downingia pulcherrima
Next taxon: Downingia willamettensis

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Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].

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Bioregions in which taxon occurs	Red area (if present) is the part of the bioregion lying between the upper and lower elevation limits of the taxon; markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may have georeferencing or identification issues.
Chart based on elevation range in Manual and elevations and coordinates of CCH records. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.	Map made in collaboration with Scott Loarie. Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. View all CCH records   CCH collections by month Duplicates counted once; synonyms included. Species do not include records of infraspecific taxa. Blue line denotes Manual flowering time.