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| Jepson Herbarium | |||||
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| Jepson eFlora
Key to families | Table of families and genera
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Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots.
1. Bracts present; generally annual, generally wider than tall, often rounded to cushion-like; root generally red-purple, staining
2. Perennial herb from a woody, branched caudex; root not red-purple ..... C. cinerea var. abortiva
2' Annual; root generally red-purple, staining
3. Calyx circumscissile below middle in fruit, upper tube, lobes falling as 1 unit, lower tube scarious, persistent, cup-like in fruit
4. Corolla limb 3.5–6 mm diam, appendages larger than small to minute, yellow ..... C. similis
4' Corolla limb generally 1–2 mm diam, appendages small to minute, white to pale yellow ..... C. circumscissa
5. Stem generally > 2 cm; calyx 3–4 mm in fruit; fruit axis ± = mature nutlets; nutlet beak 0; leaf margin rolled under ..... var. circumscissa
5' Stem 0.5–2 cm; calyx 2.5–3 mm in fruit; fruit axis < mature nutlets; nutlet strongly beaked; leaf margin ± flat ..... var. rosulata
3' Calyx not circumscissile in fruit ..... C. micrantha
6. Corolla limb 1.5–4 mm diam, appendages larger than minute, yellow ..... var. lepida
6' Corolla limb 0.5–1.2 mm diam, appendages minute, ± white ..... var. micrantha
1' Bracts generally 0; annual or perennial herb, generally taller than wide (rounded or cushion-like); root generally not red-purple
7. Biennial to perennial herb; leaves generally basal or tufted; nutlet wide-rounded to obtuse at tip; tip of attachment scar groove well below nutlet tip
8. Corolla tube > calyx; flowers heterostylous
9. Corolla yellow ..... C. confertiflora
9' Corolla white ..... C. flavoculata
8' Corolla tube <= calyx; flowers homostylous
10. Stem 1–2(3) cm; basal leaves < 1.5 cm ..... C. roosiorum
10' Stem generally > 2 cm; basal leaves generally > 1.5 cm
11. Nutlet abaxially ± smooth
12. Nutlet 4.5–6 mm, margin winged ..... C. crymophila
12' Nutlet generally <= 4.5 mm, margin a ± flat narrow rim or occasionally sharp-angled
13. Caudex generally woody, generally branched; basal leaves sparse-hairy ..... C. nubigena (2)
13' Caudex not woody, unbranched; basal leaves dense-tomentose — e Modoc Plateau ..... C. schoolcraftii (2)
11' Nutlet abaxially granular, tubercled, or wrinkled
14. Nutlet adaxially ± smooth, especially near attachment scar
15. Nutlet attachment scar edges gapped ..... C. subretusa
15' Nutlet attachment scar edges generally not gapped
16. Caudex often woody, generally branched; basal leaves green, sparse-soft-bristly to dense-rough-hairy ..... C. nubigena (2)
16' Caudex not woody, unbranched; basal leaves ± gray, dense-tomentose — e Modoc Plateau ..... C. schoolcraftii (2)
14' Nutlet adaxially granular, tubercled, or wrinkled
17. Pedicel in fruit 0–2(3) mm
18. Corolla limb 1–3 mm diam; 1 nutlet > 2–3 ..... C. racemosa (2)
18' Corolla limb 3–10 mm diam; nutlets ± same size
19. Corolla limb 7–10 mm diam; calyx in fruit 7.5–10 mm; nutlet attachment scar edges flat; e Warner Mountains ..... C. celosioides
19' Corolla limb 3–7 mm diam; calyx in fruit 3.5–8 mm; nutlet attachment scar edges raised; White and Inyo Mountains, n Desert Mountains ..... C. hoffmannii
17' Pedicel in fruit (2)3–12 mm
20. Corolla late-deciduous to persistent; nutlet attachment scar edges flat
21. Corolla cream, aging brown, late-deciduous; nutlet abaxial ridge low ..... C. humilis
21' Corolla white, aging white, persistent; nutlet abaxial ridge 0 ..... C. racemosa (2)
20' Corolla ± early-deciduous; nutlet attachment scar edges raised
22. Plant long-lived perennial herb; caudex woody; nutlet abaxial ridge rounded, ± indistinct near base ..... C. tumulosa
22' Plant biennial or short-lived perennial herb; caudex not woody; nutlet abaxial ridge sharp-angled ..... C. virginensis
7' Generally annual; leaves generally cauline; nutlet narrow-acute to acuminate at tip; tip of attachment scar groove ± to nutlet tip
23. Nutlets ± smooth
24. Nutlet asymmetric, attachment scar off-center
25. Nutlets 4, attachment scar strongly off-center, appearing marginal; inflorescence elongate spikes ..... C. affinis
25' Nutlet 1(2), attachment scar off-center; inflorescence spheric clusters ..... C. glomeriflora
24' Nutlet symmetric, attachment scar central
26. Calyx hairs curved or hooked and ± straight; nutlets 1(2)
27. Nutlet attachment scar edges widening into an open gap at base; fruit axis > 1/2 nutlet
28. Corolla limb 1–2 mm diam; calyx lobe midveins with many stout, hooked or curved bristles, occasionally basally encrusted with exudate; nutlet 2.3–2.8 mm ..... C. rostellata
28' Corolla limb 3–6 mm diam; calyx lobe midveins with appressed to ascending curved hairs, with hooked or curved bristles only at tip, not basally encrusted with exudate; nutlet 1.6–2 mm ..... C. spithamaea
27' Nutlet attachment scar edges generally abutted to overlapped at base; fruit axis < 1/2 nutlet
29. Nutlet lance-ovate, swollen at base, margin rounded, tip acuminate, long-beaked; corolla limb 1–5(6) mm diam; calyx hairs generally basally encrusted with exudate ..... C. flaccida
29' Nutlet ovate, not swollen at base, margin sharp-angled, tip ± acute, short-beaked; corolla limb 0.5–1(1.5) mm diam; calyx hairs not basally encrusted with exudate ..... C. sparsiflora
26' Calyx hairs not hooked, ± straight (wavy); nutlets 1–4
30. Calyx lobe tip bristles reflexed; corolla limb 0.5–1 mm diam — nutlets 1 or 2(4) ..... C. nemaclada
30' Calyx lobe tip bristles generally spreading or ascending; corolla limb 0.5–8 mm diam
31. Calyx lobes 6–10 mm in fruit; longest calyx lobe bristles 3–4 mm in fruit — nutlets 1 or 2 ..... C. ganderi (2)
31' Calyx lobes 1–6 mm in fruit; longest calyx lobe bristles 0 or < 3 mm in fruit
32. Bracts present
33. Stem prostrate to decumbent, ± green in fruit; nutlets (3)4, smooth ..... C. leiocarpa
33' Stem erect to ascending, red-brown in fruit; nutlet 1, smooth or 2, 1 smooth, 1 rough ..... C. maritima (2)
32' Bracts generally 0
34. Nutlet margin a ± flat narrow rim, especially near tip, to sharp-angled; nutlets 4(3)
35. Corolla limb (4)5–7.5 mm diam; nutlets ± ovate ..... C. mohavensis
35' Corolla limb 0.5–1.5 mm diam; nutlets ± lanceolate ..... C. watsonii
34' Nutlet margin generally rounded, occasionally sharp-angled; nutlets 1–4
36. Calyx (1)1.5–3 mm in fruit
37. Nutlet 1.3–1.6 mm, abaxially ± round ..... C. microstachys
37' Nutlet 1.5–2.1 mm, abaxially ± flat
38. Calyx obconic at base; corolla limb 1–2.5 mm diam; nutlets generally 1 ..... C. gracilis
38' Calyx rounded at base; corolla limb 3–6 mm diam; nutlets generally 2 ..... C. incana (2)
36' Calyx (2.5)3–6.5(8) mm in fruit
39. Nutlet abaxially ± flat ..... C. torreyana
40. Calyx 1–1.5(2) mm, (2.5)3–4.5 mm in fruit, lobe margin sparse-strigose; nutlet 1.3–1.5 mm ..... var. pumila
40' Calyx 2–2.5 mm, 4–6.5(8) mm in fruit, lobe margin dense-strigose; nutlet (1.6)1.7–2.2(2.5) mm ..... var. torreyana
39' Nutlet abaxially ± round
41. Nutlet 1(2), adaxially ± rounded to convex, basally ± round in ×-section ..... C. hispidula
41' Nutlets 1–4, adaxially ± flat, basally not round in ×-section
42. Corolla limb 0.5–1(1.5) mm diam; nutlets generally 4; stem often stiffly branched above; White and Inyo Mountains ..... C. fendleri
42' Corolla limb 1–8 mm diam; nutlets 1–4; stem 0–few-branched ± above middle or branched throughout; California Floristic Province
43. Stem 0–few branched ± above middle ..... C. dissita
43' Stem branched throughout
44. Calyx long-soft-hairy, midveins not thickened, not bristly; nutlets 1(2) ..... C. milobakeri
44' Calyx minute-hairy, midveins thickened, bristly; nutlets 1–4 ..... C. clevelandii
45. Pedicel 0–0.5 mm; calyx ± appressed to stem in fruit, narrow at base, lobes linear; corolla limb 1–2.5 mm diam; nutlets 1–2 ..... var. clevelandii
45' Pedicel 0.5–1 mm; calyx not appressed to stem in fruit, ± wide at base, lobes ovate; corolla limb (1.5)2–5 mm diam; nutlets (1–2)3–4 ..... var. florosa
23' Nutlets, or at least 1, rough
46. At least 1 nutlet with all or part of margin a ± flat rim (occasionally seeming sharp-angled) or wing
47. Pedicel 1–4(6) mm in fruit ..... C. holoptera
47' Pedicel generally 0–1(1.5) mm in fruit
48. Nutlets 1 (2), margin a ± flat inward-bent narrow rim to basally sharp-angled, white-grainy papillate to minute-spiny; calyx narrow-urn-shaped in fruit ..... C. utahensis
48' Nutlets generally 4(3), margin occasionally seeming sharp-angled, generally narrow- to wide-winged along entirety, not white-grainy papillate to minute-spiny; calyx wide-urn-shaped or ovoid in fruit
49. At least some nutlet margins with a strongly lobed, wide wing ..... C. pterocarya
50. Nutlets similar in 1 fruit, all winged ..... var. cycloptera
50' Nutlets dissimilar in 1 fruit, 3 winged, 1 not
51. Nutlet wing wide, generally > 0.5 mm ..... var. pterocarya
51' Nutlet wing narrow, generally < 0.5 mm ..... var. purpusii (2)
49' Nutlet margin occasionally seeming sharp-angled, generally a ± flat narrow, occasionally uneven or minute-toothed rim, not strongly lobed, not a wide wing
52. Nutlets similar in 1 fruit, not differing in persistence, size, or margin shape
53. Corolla limb 1–2(2.5) mm diam; calyx 4–6 mm in fruit; nutlets 1.2–1.8(2) mm, not compressed, abaxially strongly convex, dome-like; bracts present ..... C. costata
53' Corolla limb 4–9 mm diam; calyx 2.5–4 mm in fruit; nutlets 1.8–2.5 mm, compressed, abaxially low-rounded; bracts 0 ..... C. oxygona
52' Nutlets dissimilar in 1 fruit, 1 more persistent, also differing in size or margin shape
54. Nutlet 1.3–1.7 mm, in 1 fruit 1 > others, margins ± same; basal leaf rosette generally 0 at flower; calyx lobe midvein dense-spreading-bristly ..... C. inaequata
54' Nutlet 2–2.5 mm, in 1 fruit 1 not > others but with margin ± sharp-angled, (2)3 with margin a ± flat narrow rim or wing; basal leaf rosette generally well developed at flower; calyx lobe midvein with 0–few bristles ..... C. pterocarya var. purpusii (2)
46' All nutlets with margin rounded or sharp-angled, not a ± flat rim or wing
55. Nutlets 2–4, dissimilar in 1 fruit, 1 more persistent, > other(s), of similar textures or not
56. Nutlets similar in texture
57. Plant generally erect, not sprawling; inflorescence dense, flowers ± 2-rowed, axis not ± flat; corolla limb 1–4 mm diam; nutlets 0.9–1.7 mm ..... C. angustifolia
57' Plant generally decumbent, sprawling; inflorescence not dense, flowers not 2-rowed, axis ± flat; corolla limb 0.5–1 mm diam; nutlets 1.5–2.5 mm ..... C. dumetorum
56' Nutlets dissimilar in texture, largest ± smooth, with smaller papillae to tubercles
58. Nutlets 2, 1.5–2 mm, lanceolate; bracts present; calyx 2–3 mm in fruit, oblong, lobe midvein hairs straight ..... C. maritima (2)
58' Nutlets 4, 0.7–1 mm, triangular-ovate; bracts 0; calyx 1–1.5 mm in fruit, ± spheric, lobe midvein hairs occasionally hooked ..... C. micromeres
55' Nutlets 1–4, generally of similar persistence, size, texture
59. Nutlets generally lanceolate to lance-ovate
60. Nutlets generally 3–4
61. Nutlets fine-papillate; spikes in 1s or 2s; ne East of Sierra Nevada, White and Inyo Mountains, ne Mojave Desert ..... C. scoparia
61' Nutlets coarsely tubercled to papillate; spikes in 2s or 3s; widespread, except ne East of Sierra Nevada, including White and Inyo Mountains, ne Mojave Desert ..... C. nevadensis
62. Plant ± sprawling; nutlets lanceolate; spikes not elongated in fruit; calyx lobes recurved at tips; corolla limb 1–2 mm diam ..... var. nevadensis
62' Plant ± erect; nutlets lance-ovate; spikes elongated in fruit; calyx lobes erect to ± recurved at tips; corolla limb 2–5 mm diam ..... var. rigida
60' Nutlets 1(2–3)
63. Calyx in fruit strongly recurved from stem; nutlet incurved ..... C. recurvata
63' Calyx in fruit not recurved from stem; nutlet(s) straight
64. Nutlet attachment scar edges a large, wide, deep-concave gap; calyx ± not constricted above nutlet(s) ..... C. excavata
64' Nutlet attachment scar edges a small, narrow, shallow groove; calyx ± tightly constricted above nutlet(s)
65. Corolla limb 1–2.5 mm diam
66. Corolla limb 1–1.5 mm diam, appendages 0; calyx lobe tips recurved to spreading ..... C. decipiens
66' Corolla limb 1.5–2.5 mm diam, appendages minute, pale yellow; calyx lobe tips spreading to erect ..... C. ganderi (2)
65' Corolla limb 3–6 mm diam
67. Calyx 1.5–2 mm, 3–3.5 mm in fruit, not appressed to stem in fruit, lobes oblong, not spreading-fine-bristly; nutlets 2.2–2.5 mm ..... C. corollata
67' Calyx 1–1.5 mm, 2.5–3(3.5) mm in fruit, appressed to stem in fruit, lobes linear, outer 3 spreading-fine-bristly; nutlets 1.5–2 mm ..... C. rattanii
59' Nutlets lance-ovate, ovate, or triangular-ovate
68. Nutlet abaxial ridge ± present
69. Corolla limb 3–8 mm diam
70. Calyx 1–1.5, 2–2.5 mm in fruit, ± round; nutlet ± papillate ..... C. incana (2)
70' Calyx 1.5–2, 3–4 mm in fruit, ovate; nutlet dense-sharp-papillate to tubercled ..... C. muricata var. muricata
69' Corolla limb 1–3.5 mm diam
71. Stem few-branched, without an evident central axis; nutlets 1.8–2.2 mm, ± tubercled ..... C. muricata var. denticulata
71' Stem many-branched, with an evident central axis; nutlets 1.1–1.3(1.9) mm, sharp-papillate ..... C. muricata var. jonesii
68' Nutlet abaxial ridge generally 0
72. Corolla limb (2)3–9 mm diam
73. Pedicel 2–3 mm in fruit; calyx silky-hairy ..... C. crinita
73' Pedicel 0–1.5(2) mm in fruit; calyx rough-hairy to bristly
74. Nutlets ovate, tip abruptly beaked; spikes generally in 1s to occasionally 3s, bracts generally sparse; leaves 1–2 cm, generally lowest 1–3 pairs opposite ..... C. mariposae
74' Nutlets lance-ovate to ovate, tip gradually tapered or acute; spikes generally in 2s to 4s(5s), bracts generally 0; leaves 1–5(8) cm, alternate
75. Calyx lobes narrow-oblong, midvein without coarse, spreading bristles; nutlets generally 1–2, ± ovate, sparse-low-tubercled (smooth) ..... C. intermedia var. hendersonii
75' Calyx lobes lance-linear to lanceolate, midvein with few to many coarse, spreading bristles; nutlets generally 3–4, lance-ovate, dense-tubercled to warty
76. Calyx 4.5–9 mm in fruit; leaves oblong to lanceolate; inflorescence generally in 2s; nutlet 1.9–2.5 mm ..... C. barbigera var. fergusoniae
76' Calyx 4–5.5 mm in fruit; leaves generally linear to lanceolate; inflorescence generally in 3s; nutlet 1.4–2.1(2.2) mm ..... C. intermedia var. intermedia
72' Corolla limb 0.5–2.5(3) mm diam
77. Bracts present; nutlets 1.2–1.5 mm
78. Calyx 4–6 mm in fruit, lanceolate; flower persistent; lowest stem leaves opposite; corolla limb generally < 1 mm diam; n&c San Joaquin Valley ..... C. hooveri
78' Calyx 3–4 mm in fruit, oblanceolate; flower not persistent; lowest stem leaves alternate; corolla limb 1.5–2 mm diam; s Channel Islands ..... C. traskiae
77' Bracts generally 0; nutlets 1.4–2.8 mm
79. Nutlet attachment scar edges triangular-flare-gapped at base
80. Nutlets 1.5–2 mm, tubercle tips not translucent; nutlets 1–4, lance-ovate to ovate ..... C. barbigera var. barbigera
80' Nutlets ± 3 mm, tubercle tips translucent; nutlets 3–4, triangular-ovate ..... C. clokeyi
79' Nutlet attachment scar edges wide-forked, but generally abutted, not gapped, at base
81. Nutlet tubercles very numerous, narrow, ± longer than broad; pedicel < 0.5 mm in fruit ..... C. echinella
81' Nutlet tubercles fewer, wider than broad, rounded; pedicel 0.5–1 mm in fruit
82. Spikes generally in 1s; stem branches 1–many; plant generally ± without main stem ..... C. ambigua
82' Spikes generally in 2s or 3s; stem branches few; plant with main stem ..... C. simulans
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].
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