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Jepson eFlora
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) . Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/ [accessed on ]
Key to groups
Family key to Group 8
Group 8: Herbs, subshrubs, or herbaceous vines; only pistillate flowers present; staminate or bisexual flowers unavailable for examination
1. Plant fully aquatic, submersed, floating in water, or stranded on mud 2. Plant generally free-floating at or just below water surface, raft-like, the plant body 0.4–10 mm; leaves and stems not differentiated; roots 0–few, unbranched — pistil located in tiny lateral, membrane-covered pouch or in minute cavity on top of plant body ..... ARACEAE {G2,6,13,15} 2' Plant rooted in bottom sediments or free-floating, generally >> 15 mm; leaves and stems clearly differentiated; roots often branched 3. Leaves alternate  1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. 4. Fruits borne in umbel-like clusters — flowers actually bisexual  Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). but stamens easily overlooked and ephemeral ..... RUPPIACEAE {G2,10,13} 4' Fruits or flowers borne in spikes or heads 5. Flowers in dense, spheric heads, these solitary or in axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. or terminal clusters, not enclosed in leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). sheaths; freshwater habitats ..... TYPHACEAE (Sparganium) {G2,6,13} 5' Flowers in axillary Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. spikes, these generally enclosed and concealed in sheaths of subtending leaves; marine habitats ..... ZOSTERACEAE {G2,6,13} 3' Leaves opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. or whorled  Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). or all basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. 6. Leaves all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. ; flowers solitary in leaf-axils; style very elongated, generally 6–20 cm ..... JUNCAGINACEAE (Triglochin scilloides) (2) {G13} 6' Leaves cauline; flowers axillary Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. or variously clustered; styles generally << 6 cm (except in some Hydrocharitaceae) 7. Leaf blades [at least those of submersed leaves] divided into linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. or thread-like lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. 8' Blades of leaves pinnately forked  Pertaining to a hair or other structure that branches into two parts. ..... HALORAGACEAE {G2,6,14,20} 7' Leaf blades entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). , toothed, or shallowly lobed 9. Petals and sepals both 3(4), evident; perianth and stigmas borne at water surface at end of long, tubular hypanthium  Structure generally in the shape of a tube, cup, or bowl, derived from the fused lower portions of the perianth and stamens, from which these parts seem to arise, and to which the ovary wall is fused in an inferior ovary (to which the ovary wall is partially fused in a half-inferior ovary; from which the ovary is free in a superior ovary). ; ovary inferior, sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. in leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). axil  Distal, adaxial angle between an appendage or branch and a main axis (e.g., between leaf and stem, or between lateral vein and midrib on a leaf). ..... HYDROCHARITACEAE {G2,6,16} 9' Petals and sepals both 0; stigmas submersed, borne at end of short styles; ovary or ovaries superior, sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. or short-stalked in leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). axil Distal, adaxial angle between an appendage or branch and a main axis (e.g., between leaf and stem, or between lateral vein and midrib on a leaf). 10. Pistils 2–10, simple  Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. , each with a cup-like stigma; leaves entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ..... ZANNICHELLIACEAE {G2,10,13} 10' Pistil 1, compound, bearing 2–4 slender stigmas 11' Leaves entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ; ovary chambers 4, ovules 4; fruit splitting into 4 nutlets ..... PLANTAGINACEAE (Callitriche) {G2,15} 1' Plant terrestrial or parasitic on stem of woody host, or if growing in wet habitat, rooted in place and emerging well above water surface 12. Plants parasitic on stems of woody host plants 13. Flowers of parasite borne directly on stems of host; remainder of parasite internal within tissues of host; stems and leaves not differentiated; on Psorothamnus ..... APODANTHACEAE {G6} 13' Flowers borne on leafy branches of parasite; shoots of parasite external; leaves differentiated, though sometimes reduced to scales; on various woody hosts [not Psorothamnus] ..... VISCACEAE {G6,7,9,11,12,14} 14' Stem generally not fleshy, without spiny tubercles; leaves generally present 15. Leaves opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. or whorled Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). , not all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. 16. Stems or leaves thick and fleshy; inflorescence a terminal spike  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a spike-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are sessile and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. 17. Leaves ± cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. or 3-angled in ×-section; stigma 1, head-like, 2-lobed; ovary chambers 4; ovaries joining into a fleshy multiple fruit; perianth 0 ..... BATACEAE {G6,15,24} 17' Leaves fleshy, scale-like; stigmas 2, linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. ; ovary chamber 1; ovaries maturing as utricles, sometimes surrounded by fleshy bracts and perianth elements ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (2) {G6,7,9,11,15} 16' Stems and leaves of normal texture, not thick and fleshy; inflorescence various 18. Leaves compound or deeply lobed, or also some simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. 19. Compound leaves palmate  More than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane). ..... CANNABACEAE {G6,15} 19' Compound or deeply lobed leaves pinnate  Feather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc. ..... VALERIANACEAE (Valeriana occidentalis) 18' Leaves simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. , entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or toothed 20. Leaves whorled Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). ; ovary inferior ..... RUBIACEAE (Galium) {G6,7,9,12} 20' Leaves opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ; ovary superior 21. Leaves sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. or nearly so, entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ; petals free ..... CARYOPHYLLACEAE {G6,15,24} 21' Leaves conspicuously petioled, toothed; petals fused or 0 22. Corolla showy, bilateral  Divisible into mirror-image halves in only one way. ..... LAMIACEAE {G18,19} 15' Leaves alternate 1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. or all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. 24. Leaves stiff and sword-like, 0.5–1.5 m; inflorescence a large panicle  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. ; perianth parts 6 ..... RUSCACEAE (Nolina) {G6,7,9,16} 24' Leaves not sword-like, often smaller; inflorescences various; perianth parts mostly other than 6 25. Blades of leaves linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. or narrowly lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. , simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. and entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ; veins parallel; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). bases sheathing stem 26. Leaves all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. ; flowers solitary in leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). axils; styles very elongated, generally 6–20 cm ..... JUNCAGINACEAE (Triglochin scilloides) (2) {G13} 26' Leaves basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. and cauline or all cauline; flowers in spikes or spikelets  1. In Poaceae, one or more florets (each a flower with subtending lemma and generally palea) and generally 2 subtending glumes; in a sterile spikelet, the flower(s) and sometimes palea(s) are rudimentary or absent. 2. In Cyperaceae, the smallest aggregation of flowers (generally more than 2) and associated bracts. , these generally in 2° clusters; styles generally << 5 cm 27. Stem triangular; nodes  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. not swollen; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blades channeled ..... CYPERACEAE {G2,13} 27' Stem round; nodes Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. generally swollen and knot-like; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blades generally flat ..... POACEAE {G2,5,6,13} 25' Blades of leaves variously shaped, sometimes toothed, lobed, or compound; veins mostly pinnate Feather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc. or palmate More than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane). ; leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). bases often not sheathing stems — flowers not in spikelets 1. In Poaceae, one or more florets (each a flower with subtending lemma and generally palea) and generally 2 subtending glumes; in a sterile spikelet, the flower(s) and sometimes palea(s) are rudimentary or absent. 2. In Cyperaceae, the smallest aggregation of flowers (generally more than 2) and associated bracts. 28. Ocreae present, persistent or not; nodes Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. generally ± swollen ..... POLYGONACEAE {G2,6,15,16,19} 28' Ocreae 0; nodes Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. generally not swollen 29. Leaves all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. 30' Leaves simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. , entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). ; perianth parts in 3s or 4s; stolons 0 31' Perianth parts in 3s; fruit 1–many achenes 32. Perianth clearly differentiated into sepals and petals; pistils many; plant ± emergent aquatic, annual or perennial  Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herb ..... ALISMATACEAE (Sagittaria) {G6} 29' At least some leaves cauline 34' Tendrils present; perianth corolla-like 33' Plants prostrate  Lying flat on the ground. to erect  Upright; vertically oriented. herbs 36. Pistils 2–22, simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. ; fruit a cluster of achenes or follicles  Dry fruit from a simple pistil, dehiscent on only one side, along a single suture. A single flower may develop into a simple fruit of 1 follicle or an aggregate fruit of several follicles. 37' Leaves compound, leaflets thin 38. Leaflets coarsely crenate  Pertaining to margins with shallow, rounded teeth, between which are usually acute sinuses (i.e., scalloped) or shallowly lobed; sepals generally 4; petals 0; inflorescence an open panicle 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. ..... RANUNCULACEAE (Thalictrum) {G6} 38' Leaflets 2-serrate; sepals 5; petals 5; inflorescence a panicle 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. of dense spikes ..... ROSACEAE (Aruncus) {G6} 36' Pistil 1, simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. or compound; fruit achene  Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. , utricle  Mostly dry, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit from a generally compound pistil in which a balloon- or bladder-like ovary wall loosely encloses (or, in some Amaranthaceae, is adherent to) a single seed. , capsule, or splitting into 2–13 mericarps 39. Flowers in umbels or heads 40. Inflorescence a simple Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. or compound umbel  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, an inflorescence in which three to many pedicels and, if compound, branches (rays) radiate from a common point; characteristic of but not confined to Apiaceae. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, an umbel-like inflorescence is one in which three to many stalked inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, radiate from a common point of attachment without an evident axis or branches. ..... APIACEAE {G2,6,14,20,21} 40' Inflorescence of 1 or more heads 41' Head not maturing as bur 42. Corolla 0; head  1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches. without involucre  Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. ; ovary superior ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (2) {G6,7,9,11,15} 42' Corolla tubular; head 1. A dense, often spheric inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a head-like inflorescence is one in which sessile or subsessile inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, are attached in a short dense cluster without an evident axis or branches. subtended by an involucre Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. ; ovary inferior ..... ASTERACEAE (2) {G6,7,9,12,14,17} 39' Flowers solitary or in axillary Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. clusters or in racemes or panicles 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. 43' Style unbranched or branches 2 or 3 (dissected into linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. lobes 1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. in Croton); fruit unsegmented or splitting into 2–3 segments 44. Leaves palmately compound, leaflets serrate  Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. ..... CANNABACEAE (Cannabis) {G6,15} 44' Leaves entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or toothed 45' Leaves not stellate-hairy; ovary chamber 1; fruit an achene Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. or utricle Mostly dry, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit from a generally compound pistil in which a balloon- or bladder-like ovary wall loosely encloses (or, in some Amaranthaceae, is adherent to) a single seed. 46. Bractlets subtending flower 3, winged, abaxially bearing hooked hairs; stigma 1, sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. , hair-tufted; sepals 4, fused ..... URTICACEAE (Soleirolia) {G6} 46' Bractlets subtending flower 1–2, without hooked hairs; stigmas 2, linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. ; sepals 0 or 3–5, free 47. Flower enclosed between a pair of bractlets; sepals generally 0; leaves generally bearing bead-like, sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. hairs or powdery scales ..... CHENOPODIACEAE (Atriplex) {G6,12}
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Dehiscence, usually of a fruit (capsule), by a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid.