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Jepson eFlora
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) . Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/ [accessed on ]
Key to groups
Family key to Group 16
Group 16: Perianth parts in 2 or more whorls, parts 2 or 3 per whorl; pistil 1
3' Leaves not fleshy, entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). , not spine-tipped 4. Fertile stamens 1–2, filament(s) and anther(s) wholly fused above ovary to stigma and style, forming a column  Structure at the center of an orchid flower formed by fusion of stamen(s) and style. ; ovary with a half twist; ovules many, microscopic; seeds dust-like ..... ORCHIDACEAE 4' Fertile stamens 3 or more, not fused to stigma and style; ovary straight; ovules not microscopic; seeds well developed 5. Stamens 6; leaves not 2-ranked and folded (0 at flower in Amaryllis); adaxial and abaxial faces both visible ..... AMARYLLIDACEAE 5' Stamens 3; leaves 2-ranked, generally folded lengthwise and apparently attached "edge-on", only abaxial face of leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). visible ..... IRIDACEAE 2' Leaf pinnately or palmately veined 6. Leaves basal  At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. , palmately veined and lobed, prickly — petiole  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. 1–1.5 m, blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. 1–2+ m ..... GUNNERACEAE {G14} 6' Leaves cauline, pinnately veined, entire Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). or toothed, smooth 7. Leaves opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ; petals 2, 1–1.5 mm, white; fruit indehiscent  Not opening inherently to release contents; usually pertaining to fruits. , with hooked hairs ..... ONAGRACEAE (Circaea) 7' Leaves alternate  1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. ; petals 3, yellow; fruit dehiscent  Opening at maturity to release contents; usually pertaining to anthers or fruits. , without hooked hairs 8' Petals >= 30 mm; leaves ± elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear , 20–55 cm ..... [ZINGIBERACEAE] 1' Ovary superior or partially inferior 9. Stem nodes  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. with small, dry, sometimes spiny-spurred, scale-like leaves that subtend 1–20 thread-like, needle-like, or ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. , leaf-like branchlets — erect  Upright; vertically oriented. to sprawling herb, sub-shrub, or twining vine ..... ASPARAGACEAE 9' Stem nodes Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. without small, dry, scale-like leaves that subtend leaf-like branches 10' Leaves generally not needle-like, generally not abaxially grooved; herb to tree 11. Plant submersed aquatic; leaves very thin, 1-veined, opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. or whorled  Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). ; flowers generally unisexual ..... HYDROCHARITACEAE (2) {G2,6,8} 11' Plant terrestrial, or if aquatic, leaves not very thin, 1-veined, and opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. or whorled Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). 12. Leaf venation pinnate  Feather-like; pertaining to veins, lobes, leaflets, or other structures arranged in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane) along either side of an axis; a leaf is odd-pinnate if there is a terminal leaflet, even-pinnate if there is not, and either odd- or even-pinnate may be 1-pinnate (blade divided into primary leaflets), 2-pinnate (primary leaflets divided into secondary leaflets), 3-pinnate (secondary leaflets divided into tertiary leaflets), etc. or palmate  More than two structures or parts (e.g., veins, lobes, or leaflets) radiating from a common point in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane). , smaller veins generally forming a network (occasionally only midvein evident) 13. Tendrils present; vine; leaves ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. — flowers unisexual; plants dioecious ..... SMILACACEAE {G6,7,8,9} 13' Tendrils 0; herb, shrub, or tree (occasionally vine with twining stem); leaves various 14. Leaves compound or deeply lobed 16. Perennial herb; leaves basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. , 2–3-ternate; petals in 2 tight whorls of 3; sepals in 4–5 whorls of 3 ..... BERBERIDACEAE (Vancouveria) {G20} 17. Trunk stout, unbranched, crowned by a tight terminal rosette A radiating cluster of leaves generally at or near ground level. of very large leaves ..... ARECACEAE 17' Trunk(s) branched, with leaves < 50 cm, distributed on twigs 18. Leaves alternate 1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. ; leaflets spiny-toothed; fruit berry ..... BERBERIDACEAE (Berberis) {G20} 18' Leaves opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. ; leaflets serrate  Having margins with sharp, fine to coarse teeth generally pointing tipward, not outward; margins with such teeth on such primary teeth are doubly serrate. ; fruit winged achene  Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. ..... OLEACEAE (Fraxinus) {G7,9,12} 14' Leaves simple  Composed of a single part; undivided; unbranched. 21. Leaf blade Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. gland-dotted, aromatic; anthers dehiscing by uplifted lids; fruit fleshy ..... LAURACEAE {G12} 21' Leaf blade Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. not gland-dotted, not aromatic; anthers dehiscing by slits; fruit dry 22' Inner and outer perianth parts in 3s, all petal-like; fruit 3-angled achene Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. , < 5 mm ..... POLYGONACEAE (2) {G2,6,8,15,19} 23. Flower bilateral  Divisible into mirror-image halves in only one way. , proximal portion of calyx with a protruding, hollow spur ..... BALSAMINACEAE {G24} 23' Flower radial  Divisible into mirror-image halves in three or more ways. , calyx without a spur 24' Cauline leaves alternate 1. Arranged singly, often spirally, along an axis - e.g., one leaf per node. 2. Occurring in different ranks, appearing to be between, not directly above or below, as 'stamens alternate petals'. , opposite 1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. , or whorled Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). , sometimes reduced to bracts; flowers >> 1, small 25. Fruit achene Dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit from a 1-chambered ovary, sometimes winged, often appearing to be a naked seed. A 1-seeded dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary of > 1 carpel (e.g., Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae) is sometimes called a cypsela. , (2)3-angled — inner and outer perianth generally similar, both whorls petal-like or both sepal-like (inner perianth parts much enlarged in fruit in Rumex) ..... POLYGONACEAE (2) {G2,6,8,15,19} 26. Leaves not fleshy; plant ± aquatic; flowers axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. ; outer perianth parts 2–3, ± = inner; stigmas 3; seeds many, surface net-like, brown to yellow-brown ..... ELATINACEAE (Elatine) 26' Leaves fleshy; plant terrestrial; flowers in ± 1-sided raceme-, panicle-, or umbel-like cluster; outer perianth parts 2, > inner; stigmas 2; seeds 1–many, shiny, black ..... MONTIACEAE (Calyptridium) {G24} 12' Leaf venation parallel, sometimes in wider leaves several larger veins originating from leaf Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). base but smaller veins parallel to them and not forming a network 27. Shrub, tree, or densely leafy rosette A radiating cluster of leaves generally at or near ground level. plant; leaves ± sword-like or ± grass-like, fibrous  1. Pertaining to structures that are composed at least in part of more or less thread-like but usually tough elements (e.g., Yucca leaves). 2. Pertaining to a root system composed of many roots similar in length and thickness (e.g., grass roots). and/or fleshy, persisting > 1 year 29. Flowers bisexual  Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). ; fruit a berry ..... LAXMANNIACEAE 28’ Ovules 3–many per chamber 31. Leaves sword-like; style 1 or stigmas sessile  Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ..... AGAVACEAE (2) 27' Herb; leaves generally thin, generally not persisting (sometimes ± cylindric) 32. Sepals and petals clearly different 34. Above-ground stem 0, leaves 2–3(4), all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. ; sepals much wider than narrowly linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. petals; stamens 3; pedicels  Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. twisted, recurved  Gradually curved downward or backward. in age; fruit touching soil ..... LILIACEAE (Scoliopus) 34' Above-ground stem well developed, ± leafy; sepals much narrower than reniform  Kidney-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and concave. to generally widely ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. petals; stamens 6, sometimes 3 sterile; pedicels Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. not recurved Gradually curved downward or backward. in age; fruit not touching soil 35. Petals glabrous, withering after 1 day; ovary ± spheric; seeds few ..... COMMELINACEAE 35' Petals hairy, generally persistent several days; ovary ± cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. ; seeds many ..... LILIACEAE (Calochortus) 32' Sepals and petals very similar 36. Perianth parts scale-like, green to brown or ± purple-black or tinged ± red-purple 37. Inflorescence of 1–many flowers, variously clustered, subtended individually and/or in small groups by bracts; style 1, stigmas 2–3, slender, spreading  Oriented more or less perpendicularly to the axis of attachment; often, more or less horizontal. ; fruit a capsule ..... JUNCACEAE {G13} 37' Inflorescence a bractless raceme  In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. ; stigmas 3 or 6, ± sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ; fruit breaking into mericarps ..... JUNCAGINACEAE {G2,10,13} 36' Perianth parts petal-like, generally not green to brown or ± purple-black or tinged ± red-purple 38. Inflorescence an umbel  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, an inflorescence in which three to many pedicels and, if compound, branches (rays) radiate from a common point; characteristic of but not confined to Apiaceae. 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, an umbel-like inflorescence is one in which three to many stalked inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, radiate from a common point of attachment without an evident axis or branches. (rarely flower solitary or in short, dense raceme); leaves all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. , arising from bulb or corm 40. Plant with onion odor; inflorescence bracts 2 (sometimes fused), wholly enclosing immature inflorescence, but generally not formed among pedicels Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. ; stems and leaves arising from bulb ..... ALLIACEAE {G1} 40' Plant without onion odor; inflorescence bracts (2)3 or more, not wholly enclosing immature inflorescence, and some formed among pedicels Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. ; stems and leaves arising from corm ..... THEMIDACEAE 38' Inflorescence various, often a raceme In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, an unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels and nearly always open from the bottom to the top of the inflorescence. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a raceme-like inflorescence is one in which the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are stalked and attached directly to the main axis of the inflorescence, not to branches, and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. or panicle  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the basal or lateral flowers (or some of them) open before the terminal or central flowers on any axis. 2. In Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and some other groups, a panicle-like inflorescence is one in which at least some of the inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae; spikelets in Cyperaceae and Poaceae), instead of individual flowers, are attached (stalked or unstalked) to branches and not directly to the main axis of the inflorescence and in which floral development may or may not proceed as in 1. , if flowers in umbels stem ± leafy or with scale-like bracts; leaves basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. and/or cauline, underground parts various 41. Perianth parts proximally ± fused into tube 42. Plant aquatic, floating on water surface, stranded on mud, or rooting in bottom sediments; flowers generally open only 1 day ..... PONTEDERIACEAE 42' Plant generally terrestrial, sometimes in damp soil; flowers generally open > 1 day 43' Ovary above-ground; perianth tube not stalk-like 44' Perianth white to ± yellow 41' Perianth parts free or nearly so 46. Leaves mostly or all cauline 47. Styles 3; flowers bisexual Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). or staminate ..... MELANTHIACEAE (Veratrum) {G6} 47' Style 1 or stigmas sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. ; flowers bisexual Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). 46' Leaves all basal At or near the base of a plant or plant part. Especially said of leaves clustered near the ground or of a placenta confined to the base of an ovary. or basal and cauline 49. All or some filaments densely hairy 49' Filaments glabrous (or expanded filament base puberulent) 51' Style 1 or 0 and stigmas sessile Without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel, or other kind of stalk. 53' Cauline leaves 0 or reduced to linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. or scale-like bracts 54. Leaf lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. or ovate Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. to elliptic In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear or obovate ..... LILIACEAE (3) 54' Leaf linear Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. 55. Leaves ± flat, often keeled or wavy-margined; stem generally 1 from bulb ..... AGAVACEAE (2) 55' Leaves ± cylindric Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. , hollow; stems several–many from tuber-like rhizome  1. In seed plants, stem that is often elongate, more or less horizontal, usually underground; distinguished from roots by bearing of leaves, leaf scars, axillary buds, etc. 2. In ferns, stem that is located underground, embedded in leaf litter, on rocks or in rock crevices, or on trees or tree branches, often scaly or hairy; distinguished from roots by bearing of fronds (roots rarely bear fronds), and their greater diameter. ..... ASPHODELACEAE (Asphodelus)
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